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MUST TO KNOW IN BACTERIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

Germicidal

A

Soap

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2
Q

Catalase (+)

A

L. monocytogenes

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3
Q

3 C’s: Chicken, Coleslaw, Cheese

A

L. monocytogenes

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4
Q

Chlamydia

When delayed:
Freezing:

A

4’C

-20’C

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5
Q

Phenotypic

A

BAP

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6
Q

Gram (+) colonies: Dry, white, sometimes gray
Gram (-) colonies: Gray and moist

A

BAP

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7
Q

Destroyed by chlorine

A

M. gordonae

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8
Q

Utilizes 1N HCl

A

DNase test

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9
Q

For Gram (+)
For nonfermentative
For Enterobacteriaceae

A

LOA test

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10
Q

Inactivates HBV (10mins) and HIV (2mins)

A

Na hypochlorite

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11
Q

Inoculating needles:
(?) = F(+) on oxidase test
Not longer than (?)

A

Nichrome

5cm

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12
Q

Wire loop:
(?) diameter
(?) urine

A

2mm

0.001mL

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13
Q

Significant for UTI

A

50k CFU/mL

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14
Q

Pregnant

A

↑ C. albicans
↑ Lactobacillus

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15
Q

Carrier state
Lawn a culture
Toxic to Neisseria
Good for virus

A

Cotton swab

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16
Q

Removes the toxin inoculated by cotton

A

Charcoal

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17
Q

Basis of identifying organisms
Gram stain and colonies

A

Phenotype

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18
Q

Not Gram stained

A

Stool

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19
Q

Most definitive method of identification

A

PCR

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20
Q

Basis of serotyping

A

Somatic antigen

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21
Q

Father of microbiology
Microscopist
1st to describe bacteria

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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22
Q

Germ theory: relationship of organisms to human disease

A

Robert Koch

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23
Q

Father of Modern Microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

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24
Q

1st to use dyes for stain

A

Ehrlich

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25
Bacteria Ave. size: Reproduction:
0.4-2μm Binary fission (two-fold increase)
26
Cell wall: (murein) : wall less G(+) : wall less G(-)
Peptidoglycan Protoplast Spheroplast
27
Thick peptidoglycan
Gram (+)
28
Teichoic acid
Gram (+)
29
Thin peptidoglycan
Gram (-)
30
LPS (Lipid A – exotoxin)jsjsb
Gram (-)
31
Somatic antigen
Gram (-)
32
Site for energy synthesis (ATP)
Plasma membrane
33
Osmotic/permeability barrier
Plasma membrane
34
Nucleoid Chromosome: Plasmid:
dsDNA Extrachromosomal DNA
35
Carries the antibiotic-resistance gene
Plasmid
36
Drug-resistance
Chromosome and plasmid-mediated
37
Food reserves
Metachromatic granules
38
Ribosomes Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic:
70S 80S
39
Bacterial adherence Gene transfer
Common pili Sex pili
40
By Gram (-) bacteria
ESBL
41
Endospores
Calcium dipicolinate Bacillus, Clostridium
42
Flagella : one only : one at both ends : tuft at one end : all around bacteria (most common)
Monotrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Peritrichous
43
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Lactobacillus
44
Inorganic compound as source of carbon (CO2)
Autotrophs/Lithotrophs
45
Organic compound as source of carbone (Glucose) Pathogenic bacteria
Heterotrophs/ Organotrophs
46
Temperature requirements Psychrophilic: Mesophilic: Thermophilic:
0-20’C (ref) 20-40’C (pathogenic) 40-60’C
47
pH requirement Acidophilic: Neutrophilic: Basophilic:
Lactobacillus acidophilus (Doderlein bacillus) pH 7.2-7.6 (optimal) – pathogenic Vibrio (Halophilic)
48
Moisture: Salt concentration:
Humidophilic Halophilic
49
Halophilic:
Enterococcus and V. parahaemolyticus
50
Respiration (Aerobic)
Glucose → CO2 + H2O Kreb’s cycle Electron transport chain
51
Oxidation (Aerobic)
Glucose → Acid
52
Fermentation (Anaerobic)
Glucose → Acid/Alcohol Embden-Meyerhoff pathway (glycolysis)
53
Adjustment
Lag phase
54
↑ in growth rate (cell division)
Log/Exponential phase
55
Susceptible to antimicrobial agents
Log/Exponential phase
56
No net growth Death = Live cells Depletion of nutrients Accumulation of toxic wastes Sporulation
Stationary/plateau phase
57
↑ Death rate
Death/Decline phase
58
Bacteria stain more by
basic stains
59
Capsule stain
India ink Borris method Nigrosin method
60
Not Gram stained
Chlamydia and Rickettsia = intracellular Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma = no cell wall Spirochetes
61
Gram Stain (Hucker’s modification Crystal violet = Gram’s iodine = Acetone-alcohol or 95% ethanol = Safranin O =
1min 1min 30secs-1min 30 secs
62
Over-decolorization Old dying Acidic iodine Penicillin: omits iodine
Gram (+) becomes (-)
63
Under-decolorization Thick smear
Gram (-) becomes (+)
64
Acid Fast staining methods
Smear = 2 x 3cm
65
Pappenheim’s
M. smegmatis vs. M. tuberculosis
66
Baumgarten’s
M. leprae vs. M. tuberculosis
67
Fite Faraco
M. leprae
68
Fite Faraco Counterstain:
Hematoxylin
69
Acid fast organisms
Mycobacterium Nocardia = Mod. AFS (1% H2SO4 as decolorizer) Cryptosporidium Legionella micdadei Rhodococcus equi
70
Best AFS C-A-M
Ziehl-Neelsen (Hot method)
71
= 1’ stain -Start timing: Vapor (10mins) -Heat = Mordant
1. Carbolfuchsin
72
= Decolorizer -HCl + 95% etOH -Until no more stain (Max: 3mins)
2. 3% Acid alcohol
73
= counterstain -30secs to 1min
3. Methylene blue
74
Ziehl-Neelsen (Hot method) Results:
AFO = Red NAFO = Blue
75
Not used
Kinyoun (Cold method)
76
Kinyoun (Cold method) Results:
AFO = Red NAFO = Green
77
Kinyoun (Cold method) = 1’ stain -Phenol, Tergitol = Mordant = Decolorizer = Counterstain
1. Carbolfuchsin 2. 3% Acid alcohol 3. Malachite Green
78
Most sensitive
Auramine-Rhodamine (Fluorochrome)
79
Auramine-Rhodamine (Fluorochrome) = 1’stain = Decolorizer = Counterstain
1. Auramine-rhodamine 2. 0.5% Acid alcohol 3. 0.5% KMnO4
80
Auramine-Rhodamine (Fluorochrome) Results:
AFO = Yellow fluorescence NAFO = No fluorescence
81
Read 300 fields
AFB
82
Special stains Capsule = Spore =
Negative stain Dorner, Wirtz, Conklin
83
Metachromatic granules
- Albert’s -Loeffler’s Alkaline Methylene Blue (LAMB)
84
Flagella = Nucleic acid = Polar bodies (ex: Y. pestis) = Rickettsia = Spirochetes =
Leifson Feulgen Wayson Gimenez Levaditi
85
For study of living unstained organisms
Phase contrast microscope
86
For viruses
Electron microscope
87
Light source: Electrons 100,000x magnification
Electron microscope
88
Electron microscope Stains:
-Negative stain -PTA -Heavy metals (Gold, Silver)
89
DNA, RNA, chromosomes
Transmission EM
90
Surface structures (cell wall, capsule)
Scanning EM
91
For tissue culture
Inverted Microscope
92
Dual light source
Interference microscope
93
Non staining method
String’s test (3% KOH)
94
Pure culture: Streak plate = Pour plate = [?] medium Animal inoculation =
overlap method Water and milk bacteriology Selective for virus, Chlamydia, Rickettsia
95
2 or more organisms
Mixed culture
96
Stored at refrigeratior or freezer (long term)
Stock culture
97
Liquid: Semi-solid: Solid: Biphasic:
Broth 0.5-1% agar 2-3% agar Both liquid and solid
98
Biphasic: Ex.
Castañeda = Brucella
99
Nonfastidious organisms
General purpose media
100
General purpose media:
1. Sheep BAP = Hemolysis 2. Horse BAP = Haemophilus -Heat-stable, provides X-factor 3. Nutrient agar
101
Fastidous organisms
Enriched media Solid
102
= Heat-labile, provides X & V factor
1. CAP
103
Enrichment media Liquid:
1. Selenite F 2. Alkaline peptone water 3. Thioglycollate broth
104
Differential media
1. BAP = hemolysis 2. MAC 3. EMB 4. XLD 5. HEA
105
Selective media
1. TCBS 2. SSA 3. TMA 4. CBAP
106
Inhibitory media
Selective media
107
Inhibitory agents
Antibiotics Dyes, bile salts = inhibit Gram (+) Alcohol (PEA) = inhibit Gram (-)
108
Gram (+) bacteria Gram (+) bacteria Gram (-) cocci
PEA Columbia CNA Gonococci Agar (GCA)
109
Gentamicin BAP
S. pneumoniae
110
Bacitracin CAP
H. influenzae
111
Cystine Tellurite Blood Agar
C. diphtheriae
112
Cystine Blood Glucose Agar
F. tularensis
113
Cystine Trypticase Agar Confirm:
Neisseria
114
Charcoal Cephalexin Blood agar
B. pertussis
115
Bordet-Gengou Agar (Potato Blood Glycerol Agar)
B. pertussis
116
L. pneumophila
BCYE
117
Cl. trachomatis
McCoy
118
Brucella
TSB
119
Sterile specimen Nonsterile specimen
(-) normal flora (+) normal flora
120
Toxic to virus Good for Neisseria
Calcium alginate swab
121
Anaerobic and aerobic cultures
Needle aspiration
122
Needle and syringe for collection
Catheterization
123
Intubation
Gastritis Vomitus Gastric washing (aerobic culture only)
124
Delay in processing Refrigerate except:
1. CSF = Room temp. or 35’C 2. Blood 3. Swab of N. gonorrhoeae (sensitive to cold) 4. Urine = Boric acid 5. Rectal swab = Cary-Blair
125
Transport medium
1. Cary Blair = for stool pathogen 2. Stuart’s 3. Amies = Respiratory specimen 4. Transgrow = Neisseria 5. JEMBEC = Neisseria 6. Todd-Hewitt = Vaginal carriage (S. agalactiae)
126
HEPA filter: filters air Negative pressure
Biologic safety cabinet
127
Environment and MT protected
BSC Class I
128
Air velocity = 75 linear ft/min
BSC Class I
129
Exhaust air thru HEPA filter
BSC Class I
130
Product contaminant
BSC Class I
131
Vertical laminar airflow
BSC Class II
132
MT, environment and product are protected
BSC Class II
133
Air velocity = 75-100 linear ft/min
BSC Class II
134
Recommended for hospitals
BSC Class II
135
Supply and exhaust air thru HEPA filter
BSC Class III
136
Maximum protection
BSC Class III
137
Contains HEPA filter
N95 Mask
138
For Mycobacterium
N95 Mask
139
No direct exam in Microbiology
Stool
140
Resistant gene Mobile or jumping
Transposons
141
F. nucleatum Capnocytophaga
Fusiform
142
No risk Moderate risk High risk
BSL I BSL II BSL III , BSL IV
143
Treatment available
BSL III
144
BSL III Inhalation of aerosols, Ex. Mycobacteria (BSC Class II) No treatment available
BSL IV
145
Inhalation of aerosols, Ex. Small pox
BSL IV
146
BHIB + 0.25% SPS
Blood culture bottle
147
Dilution = 1:10 (1mL blood, 9mL broth)
Blood culture bottle
148
Anti-complementary, anticoagulant, antiphagocytic
Blood culture bottle
149
Neutralizes aminoglycosides
Blood culture bottle
150
Disadvantages of SPS Inhibits:
-Neisseria -G. vaginalis -S. moniliformis -P. anaerobius
151
Counteract SPS to allow the growth of organisms
1% gelatin
152
Indications of growth (Blood culture)
Hemolysis Turbidity Pellicle
153
Subculture (Blood culture)
BAP MAC = no CO2 CAP
154
If blood culture = negative = Bacteremia (Typhoid) = Brucellosis, SBE
7 days 21 days
155
Urine culture Specimen: Quantitative: = significant for UTI = not significant (contaminants)
Catheterized, Midstream, Suprapubic BAP, MAC ->100,000 CFU/mL (or >50,000 CFU/mL) -<10,000 CFU/mL
156
CSF culture DO NOT refrigerate Agents: Media: C. neoformans:
Neisseria, Haemophilus (Meningitis) BAP, MAC, CAP, BHI -India ink method -Latex agglutination
157
Wound specimen Gram stain Media:
BAP, MAC, Thioglycollate broth
158
Stool specimen Media: Oxidase test Biochemical tests Serologic typing
MAC, BAP+Ampicillin, CBAP, SSA, Selenite F, TCBS, APW, HEA
159
Respiratory specimen Sputum, NPS TB = 3 sputum specimen Media:
BAP, MAC, GBAP, BCAP, Amies, Gram stain and Acid fast stain
160
Throat swab Sore throat 2 specimen Media:
BAP, MTM, Thioglycollate broth
161
Vaginal, Urethral swab Media: Gram stain
CAP, MTM
162
TB culture = Gold standard = digestion, lyse the mucus = decontamination = Pseudomonas Centrifuge (4’C) for [?] Media: Incubate at [?] ----(NG)----> Report as (-) If (+), after [?]: growth is seen
NALC-NaOH -NALC -NaOH 6% Oxalic acid 15 mins at 3000g LJ, Middlebrook 7H11, 7H10 (AST) 37’C for 8 weeks 2-3 weeks
163
Genetic Pro DNA test Result → 2 hrs
GenPro
164
Moist heat sterilization
1. Autoclave (sporicidal) 2. Inspissation (sporicidal) 3. Tyndallization (sporicidal) 4. Boiling (Nonsporicidal, disinfectant) 5. Pasteurization (Nonsporicidal, disinfectant)
165
Dy heat sterilization
1. Hot air oven (Sporicidal) 2. Incineration (Sporicidal) 3. Cremation (Sporicidal) 4. Flaming (Sporicidal) 5. Gas: Ethylene oxide (sporicidal)
166
-121’C at 15 lbs/psi for 15 mins
1. Autoclave (sporicidal)
167
-Culture media, bandages, gauze
1. Autoclave (sporicidal)
168
-QC: B. stearothermophilus
1. Autoclave (sporicidal)
169
-75-80’C for 2 hrs on 3 days
2. Inspissation (sporicidal)
170
-Disinfect and solidify protein containing medium (LJ, Loeffler’s)
2. Inspissation (sporicidal)
171
-Water is heated from below and slanting surface gets heated
2. Inspissation (sporicidal)
172
-100’C for 30mins on 3 days
3. Tyndallization (sporicidal)
173
-100’C for 30mins
4. Boiling (Nonsporicidal, disinfectant)
174
-Kills vegetative cells only
4. Boiling (Nonsporicidal, disinfectant)
175
-Milk -63’C for 30mins -72’C for 15secs -Phosphatase: to determine if successful. (+): Not pasteurized
5. Pasteurization (Nonsporicidal, disinfectant)
176
-170-180’C for 2 hrs
1. Hot air oven (Sporicidal)
177
-Glasswares, cottonswabs, metallic instruments, oils, powders
1. Hot air oven (Sporicidal)
178
-QC: B. subtilis
1. Hot air oven (Sporicidal)
179
-Waste disposal
2. Incineration (Sporicidal)
180
-Not recommended
2. Incineration (Sporicidal)
181
-Prevents communicable disease
3. Cremation (Sporicidal)
182
-Needles
4. Flaming (Sporicidal)
183
-Heat-labile machine instruments
5. Gas: Ethylene oxide (sporicidal)
184
-Preservation
1. Cold temperature/Freezing (Bacteriostatic)
185
-Freeze drying
2. Lyophilization (Powderized)
186
-Best to preserve culture
2. Lyophilization (Powderized)
187
-Preservation
3. Osmotic pressure (Bacteriostatic)
188
= removal of water
4. Dessication
189
= produce pyrimidine dimer to DNA → mutation
5. UV light
190
-Reduces airborne infection
5. UV light
191
-For disposable materials (gloves, syringe)
6. Ionizing radiation
192
-Air: HEPA filter
7. Filtration
193
-H2O: cellulose membrane/ membrane filter
7. Filtration
194
Filter heat-labile filter
Seitz filter
195
Made up of cellulose nitrate, cellulose diacetate, polycarbonate or polyester
Membrane filter
196
New: cellulose diacetate w/ a pore diameter of 0.015 to 12 microns
Membrane filter
197
Best filter used
Membrane filter
198
Spillage disinfectant
Sodium hypochlorite (Clorox)
199
Sporicidal
Iodine/Iodophor Formaldehyde
200
Iodine + Detergent = Iodine alone =
Betadine (Best antiseptic) toxic to skin
201
Nonsporicidal
70% ethyl alcohol
202
Cleansing of wound
H2O2
203
Crede’s prophylaxis (New: Erythromycin eye droplets)
1% AgNO3
204
Prevents ophthalmia neonatorum
1% AgNO3
205
Sterilant
Glutaraldehyde
206
Standard disinfectant
Phenol (Carbolic acid)
207
Multipurpose
Lysol (Cresol)
208
Inhibit Gram (+)
Dyes
209
For decontaminating sputum
Zephiran (Benzalkonium chloride)
210
Instrument caused
Iatrogenic
211
Antagonistic Synergistic
1 antibiotic > 2 antibiotics 2 antibiotics > 1 antibiotic
212
Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Quinolone resistant No treatment at all
XDR-TB
213
QC for beta-lactamase
H. influenzae
214
Extended spectrum beta-lactamase Produced by Gram (-) = E. coli, Klebsiella Plasmid mediated Test: Beta-lactamase = Keyhole effect (overlapping zones) -Clavulanic acid and cephalosporin
ESBL
215
Chromosome mediated Produced by Gram (+) and (-) bacteria Test: Beta-lactamase = D zone -(+) to MRSA -Imipenem and cefotixin
Amp C
216
Cell wall inhibitors Broad spectrum:
Penicillin Cephalosporin Vancomycin = Tx: MRSA Bacitracin Cycloserine Carbapenems/Imipenem Penicilinase-resistant: Methicillin, Cloxacillin, Nafcillin
217
Cell membrane inhibitors
Colistin = against Gram (-) Polymixin = against Gram (-) Amphotericin B = drug of choice for systemic fungi Nystatin = antifungal
218
Ribosome (Protein) inhibitors
Aminoglycosides (30S) Tetracycline (30S) Chloramphenicol (50S) Erythromycin/Macrolide (50S) Clindamycin (50S)
219
-False-resistant = P. aeruginosa (Mg2+ and Ca2+) -Discovered by Bernardo Aguilar -For penicillin allergic patients
Aminoglycosides (30S) Erythromycin/Macrolide (50S)
220
Nucleic acid (DNA) inhibitors
Mitomycin Quinolones Metronidazole (Flagyl) Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (SXT/Bactrim)
221
= inh. folate synth., synergistic
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (SXT/Bactrim)
222
Anti-TB
Pyrazinamide Rifampin Isoniazid Streptomycin Ethambutol
223
Reference method (AST) Det. MIC/MBC
Micro/Macrobroth dilution
224
Many organisms vs. single drug Pure culture vs. many drugs
Agar dilution Disk diffusion
225
Agar gradient diffusion Antibiotic strip diffusion MIC test MIC = Ellipse zone at intersection
E test (Epsilometer)
226
Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Std. Inoculum: Medium: pH: Depth: Condition: Temp: Incub. time: Std: Antibiotic disc:
1.5 x 10^8 MHA 7.2-7.4 4mm Aerobic, No CO2 35-37’C (MRSA: 35’C) 16-18 hrs 0.5 McFarland (1% H2SO4 + 1.175% BaCl2) 6mm (refrigerated/frozen)
227
For bacterial count
Petroff-Hausser counting chamber
228
Distance of antibiotic disc to each other Time for the medium to absorb the bacteria after inoculation Inoculation of discs → Incubation
15mm 15mins w/in 15mins
229
False resistant
Heavy inoculums Thick medium
230
Delay in disc application
↑ Ca2+ and Mg2+ = Aminoglycoside (vs. P. aeruginosa) ↑ Thymine-Thymidine = SXT (vs. Enterococcus) ↑ pH = tetracycline ↓ pH = aminoglycoside, erythromycin Expired discs
231
False sensitive
Light inoculums Thin medium
232
If double zone of inhibition If there are colonies inside the zone of inhibition
Measure the outer zone Ignore swarming Gram stain the colonies
233
AST media 1. MHA = 2. MHA + 2% NaCl = 3. MHA + 5% Sheep blood = 4. Haemophilus test medium: 5. GC agar = 6. Middlebrook 7H10 =
std. media MRSA S. pneumoniae (w/ CO2) MHA + Yeast extract + Hemin + NAD + CO2 Neisseria (w/ CO2) Mycobacteria (w/ CO2)
234
Specific Regular basis Checking media and reagents w/ specific organisms to check expected results Set by CLSI (formerly NCCLS)
QC
235
General Snap shot Total process whereby the quality of lab. reports can be guaranteed
QA
236
Daily QC
Oxidase Catalase Incubator Gram stain Refrigerator/Freezer Water bath
237
Each use (QC)
GasPak Jar ONPG
238
Weekly QC
Antibiotic (Newly opened: 30 days QC  weekly) Autoclave Biochemical tests
239
Semi-annually
Safety hood
240
ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) For AST Stock culture: Working culture:
-20 or -70’C 2-8’C
241
ATCC-1234 Beta-lactamase producers:
-S. aureus -N. gonorrhoeae -H. influenzae -Enterococcus -E. coli -P. aeruginosa
242
Catalase test Rgt: (+): F (+):
3% H2O2 Gas bubbles BAP
243
Coagulase test Rgt: (+) Clot formation after F (+): F (-): = detects clumping factor/bound coagulase = detects free/unbound coagulase
Rabbit EDTA plasma 4hrs Citrate Reading result after 6 hrs (Staphylokinase) 1. Slide test (Screening) 2. Tube test (Confirmatory)
244
Mannitol fermentation Medium: Indicator: (+): (-):
MSA (7.5% NaCl) Phenol Red Yellow Red
245
DNase test 1. [?] (pink zone)/ [?] (clear zone) 2. [?]: no pptn. after adding 1N HCl when DNase (+) = pink
Toluidine blue / Methyl green HCl precipitation
246
Novobiocin test Amt.: (R): (S):
5μg <16mm >16mm
247
Modified oxidase test Rgt: (+):
tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethylsulfoxide Purple
248
Pinhead colonies
Staphylococcus
249
Mod. oxidase (-)
Staphylococcus Stomatococcus
250
Lysostaphin and Furazolidone (S)
Staphylococcus
251
Ferments sugar
Staphylococcus
252
Mod. oxidase (+)
Micrococcus
253
Lysostaphin and Furazolidone (R)
Micrococcus Stomatococcus
254
Oxidizes sugar
Micrococcus
255
S. aureus Virulence factors: Identification: Infections:
-Protein A (cell wall) -Leukocidin (Panton-Valentine) -Exfoliatin (SSS/Ritter’s disease) -TSST-1 (Tampons) -Staphyloxanthin (Lipochrome): Yellow-orange colony -(+) Phosphatase, ONPG, Arginine, NO3, VP, Gelatin -(-) PYR -Carbuncles, furuncles, folliculitis, cellulitis, impetigo, bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis
256
Slide coagulase (+) PYR (+) Slide coagulase (+) VP (-)
S. lugdunensis S. intermedius
257
Staphylococcus : carrier of S. aureus Culture:
Nasal swab -Vogel-Johnson: Black colonies -Chapman: Black colonies -Tellurite Glycine: Black colonies -P agar -PEA: selective -Columbia CNA: selective
258
#1 skin flora Blood culture contaminant
S. epidermidis
259
Biofilm/slime production: Prosthetic heart valve → Endocarditis, bacteremia UTI: catheterized
S. epidermidis
260
UTI: sexually active women
S. saprophyticus
261
Pinpoint colonies Capnophilic: 5-10% CO2
Streptococcus
262
Streptococcus Culture:
SBA: Medium of choice PEA: Selective medium
263
Smith and Brown’s classification Hemolysis: 1. Alpha = 2. Beta = 3. Gamma = 4. Alpha prime =
incomplete (green) complete (clear) no zone alpha (around colonies) + beta (around alpha)
264
Universally susceptible to antibiotics
S. pyogenes (Group A) (Beta-hemolytic)
265
S. pyogenes (Group A) (Beta-hemolytic) Virulence factors: Diseases:
-SLO = O2-labile, subsurface hemolysis, immunogenic -SLS = O2-stable, surface hemolysis, non-immunogenic -Erythrogenic toxin (Scarlet fever) -Pharyngitis, AGN, RHF, erysipelas, impetigo -Scarlet fever: a. Dick’s test (red): Skin test b. Schultz-Charlton (rash fade/blanching): Immunity test
266
Vaginal and URT flora #1 neonatal meningitis
S. agalactiae (Group B) (Beta-hemolytic)
267
Group C (Beta-hemolytic)
S. equisimilis S. equi S. zoopedemicus S. dysagalactiae
268
Group F (Beta-hemolytic)
S. anginosus
269
Group D Enterococcus (Alpha, beta or gamma- hemolytic)
E. faecalis E. faecium E. durans E. avium
270
Cause UTI
Group D Enterococcus (Alpha, beta or gamma- hemolytic) Group D non-Enterococcus (Alpha, beta or gamma- hemolytic)
271
Drug-resistant: VRE
Group D Enterococcus (Alpha, beta or gamma- hemolytic)
272
Group D non-Enterococcus (Alpha, beta or gamma-hemolytic)
S. bovis S. equinus
273
Lancet-shaped, diplococci
S. pneumoniae (Alpha-hemolytic)
274
Colonies: Mexican hat/ Dome-shaped
S. pneumoniae (Alpha-hemolytic)
275
Encapsulated
S. pneumoniae (Alpha-hemolytic)
276
#1 Adult bacterial meningitis
S. pneumoniae (Alpha-hemolytic)
277
Most common cause of Otitis media
S. pneumoniae (Alpha-hemolytic)
278
Lobar pneumonia: Rusty sputum
S. pneumoniae (Alpha-hemolytic)
279
S. pneumoniae (Alpha-hemolytic) Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Neufeld Quellung (pptn. test, capsular swelling) 2. Bile solubility -BAP: 10% Na desoxycholate -Tube: 2% Na desoxycholate 3. Francis test: skin test 4. Mouse virulence test: (+) death
280
Viridans Streptococci
S. mitis (mitior) S. salivarius S. uberis S. constellatus S. intermedius S. mutans = dental plaques/caries S. sanguis = SBE
281
Nutritionally Variant
Abiotrophia Granulicatella
282
Require Vit. B6 (pyridoxine) (+) Staph. Streak test
Nutritionally Variant
283
Vancomycin Resistant
Leuconostoc = LAP (-) Pediococcus = LAP (+)
284
Aerobic Gram (-) diplococci Oxidase (Taxo N): Presumptive test (+) CTA: Confirmatory test Capnophilic: 5-10% CO2
Neisseria
285
Pili: Adherence
N. gonorrhoeae
286
N. gonorrhoeae Diseases: Lab. Diagnosis: -Culture:
-Gonorrhea (“Clap”) -Ophthalmia neonatorum (Tx: Erythromycin eye drops) -Salphingitis -Epididymitis a. Sterile: = CAP: (+) Growth = BAP: (-) Growth (Fastidious) b. Nonsterile: = GC agar: AST media = TMA (Vancomycin-Colistin-Nystatin) = MTM (V-C-N-Trimethoprim lactate) = MLA (V-C-Anisomycin-T) = NYCA (V-C-Amphotericin B-T)
287
Carrier: Nasopharynx
N. meningitidis
288
N. meningitidis Virulence factors: Diseases: Lab. Diagnosis: -Culture:
-Capsule -Endotoxin -Pili -IgA protease -Meningitis -Meningococcemia -Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (Adrenal gland hemorrhage) -DIC a. BAP = (+) Growth b. CAP = (+) Growth -Serotypes: A, B, C, Y, W135 (Capsular Antigens)
289
Commensal of URT
M. catarrhalis
290
(+) NO3 → NO2 (+) Butyrate disk (+) Tributyrin hydrolysis (G) Nutrient Agar
M. catarrhalis
291
Colony: Hockey Puck
M. catarrhalis
292
3rd cause of Otitis media
M. catarrhalis
293
Breadcrumb/wrinkled colony
N. sicca
294
(+) ONPG
N. lactamica
295
Superoxol catalase test:
30% H2O2 (+) N. gonorrhoeae
296
Beta-lactamase test 1. Chromogenic cephalosporin test or Nitrocefin/Cefinase disk test -(+): 2. Acidimetric -Phenol red → (+): 3. Acidimetric -I2 → (+):
Pink/red color Colorless Yellow
297
AFB (Mycolic acid) Much granules = metachromatic Aerobic nonsporeformer
Mycobacteria
298
Mycobacteria 3 Groups: 1. M. tuberculosis complex = cause TB a. M. tuberculosis = b. M. bovis = c. M. africanum = 2. MOTT (New: NTM) 3. M. leprae
pulmonary TB intestinal TB, bovine TB (BCG) pulmonary TB in Africa
299
“Koch bacillus” Capnophilic Virulence: Cord Factor and Sulfatides
M. tuberculosis
300
M. tuberculosis Lab Dx: 1. GS = qualify specimen > 10 epithelial cells = [?] < 10 epithelial cells (>25 pus cells) = [?] 2. Decontamination-Digestion = Best -[?]: remove metallic compound 3. AFS 4. Culture
saliva sputum Na citrate
301
Bone TB
Pott’s disease
302
Agar based media
Duboi’s oleic acid albumin medium Mitchison’s medium Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 (AST)
303
Egg based media (Sterilization: Inspissation)
Petragnani medium Löwenstein Jensen (Slant) medium American Thoracic Society medium Dorset egg medium
304
Liquid media
BACTEC 12B Septi-Chek Middlebrook 7H9
305
Heat stable catalase test Temp: Medium: Rgt: (+) (-)
68’C Tween 80 30% H2O2 M. kansasii M. tuberculosis
306
Tween 80 hydrolysis test Tween 80: (+) [?] and Differentiates [?] (+) from (-) [?]
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate M. kansasii M. gordonae M. scrofulaceum
307
Arylsulfatase test For: (+)
rapid growers M. fortuitum-chelonae
308
TCH Susceptibility test TCH: (S): (R):
Thiopene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide M. bovis M. tuberculosis
309
Old Skin Test (TB) = intracutaneous (most sensitive) = scratch on skin = piece of cloth w/ PPD  skin 4. Moro percutaneous test = multiple puncture technique
1. Mantoux 2. Von Pirquet 3. Vollmer’s patch test 5. Tuberculin time test
310
PPD 0.1 mL (5 TU) (+): Doubtful:
Induration (≥10mm) 5-<10mm/(-): <5mm
311
Photochromogens (Group I)
1. M. marinum (“Of the sea”) 2. M. asiaticum 3. M. simiae 4. M. kansasii (“Yellow bacillus”)
312
-(+) pyrazinamidase -(+) urease
1. M. marinum (“Of the sea”)
313
-1st: Macaca rhesus monkey
3. M. simiae
314
-(+) Heat-stable catalase -(+) Tween 80 hydrolysis -(+) NO3 reduction -Pulmonary infection -#2 isolate
4. M. kansasii (“Yellow bacillus”)
315
Scotochromogens (Group II)
1. M. scrofulaceum 2. M. szulgai 3. M. gordonae (“Tap water bacillus”) 4. M. flavescens 5. M. xenopi 6. M. thermoresistible
316
-(+) Urease -Scrofula: cervical lymphadenitis
1. M. scrofulaceum
317
-Photochromogen at 25’C -Scotochromogen at 35-37’C
2. M. szulgai
318
-Hot and cold H2O taps -Cornmeal agar: “Bird’s nest” -Optimal growth at 42’C -(G) 37’C -(NG) 25’C -(-) Tellurite reduction -(-) Catalase
5. M. xenopi
319
-(G) 52’C
6. M. thermoresistible
320
Colony: Cream/buff
Non-photochromogens (Group III)
321
Non-photochromogens (Group III)
1. M. terrae-triviale 2. M. avium-intracellulare (“Battey bacillus”) 3. M. gastri 4. M. haemophilum = require hemin (CAP) 5. M. ulcerans (Buruli) 6. M. malmoense 7. M. tuberculosis
322
-(+) Catalase -(NG) NaCl -(G) NaCl
1. M. terrae-triviale a. M. terrae (“Raddish bacillus”) b. M. triviale
323
-(+) Tellurite reduction -(+) Urease
2. M. avium-intracellulare (“Battey bacillus”) 3. M. gastri
324
Rapid Growers (Group IV)
1. M. fortuitum-chelonae 2. M. smegmatis 3. M. phlei (“Hay bacillus”)
325
-(+) Arylsulfatase -(G) MAC
1. M. fortuitum-chelonae
326
-(+) NO3 reduction -(+) 5% NaCl -(+) Iron uptake
a. M. fortuitum
327
-(-) NO3 reduction -(-) 5% NaCl -(-) Iron uptake
b. M. chelonei
328
Growth: 10-21 days Growth: 3-7 days
Groups I, II, III (Runyon’s Classification) Group IV (Rapid growers)
329
Principle: RIA 14C Palmitic acid + organisms ----------> 14CO2 (+): >10 growth index
BACTEC 460 Middlebrook 7H12
330
Fluorometric based ↑ O2 consumption = ↑ Fluorescence
Mycobacteria Growth Indicator test (MGIT)
331
Rgt: p-nitroacetylamino-beta-hydroxypropiophenone (NAP) (NG) = (+) M. tuberculosis
BACTEC 12B + NAP (Growth inhibition test)
332
Cigarette-packet/picket-fence
M. leprae
333
Not cultivable in agar
M. leprae
334
Can hydrolyze DOPA
M. leprae
335
Tropism to peripheral nerves
M. leprae
336
M. leprae Tx:
Dapsone
337
(-) Lepromine ↑ ↑ ↑ AFB (+) Lepromine ↓ ↓ ↓ AFB
Lepromatous Tuberculoid
338
Lab. Diagnosis (Leprosy) Specimen: Culture: Stain:
Ear lobe, nasal scraping Foot pads of Armadillo Fite Faraco
339
Disseminated infection in AIDS BACTEC (+)
M. genavensi
340
Crohn’s disease
M. paratuberculosis
341
Pleomorphic (rod-cocci)
Rhodococcus equi
342
(+) pink colonies
Rhodococcus equi
343
Partially acid fast (Mod. AFS: H2SO4)
Nocardia
344
(+) Urease
Nocardia
345
Cause pneumonia
Nocardia
346
= casein hydrolysis (-) = casein hydrolysis (+)
N. asteroides N. brasiliensis
347
Pleomorphic
Corynebacteria
348
Club shape: X, Y, V, L (Chinese characters)
Corynebacteria
349
Palisade appearance: diphtheroids
Corynebacteria
350
Nonmotile, nonsporeforming, nonencapsulated
Corynebacteria
351
(+) catalase and oxidase
Corynebacteria
352
“Klebs-Loeffler” bacillus
C. diphtheriae
353
C. diphtheriae Virulence: Diphtheria: Lab. Diagnosis:
Exotoxin (A and B) – heat labile pseudomembrane of the pharynx -Elek test: definitive -Roemer test: incubates the bacteria in pig -Schick’s test: skin test (Ab’s) -(+) DNase -(-) Urease -Ferments dextrose
354
Biotypes of C. diphtheriae = gray, large, beta-hemolytic, starch/glycogen fermentation (+) = black, medium-size, beta-hemolytic, starch/glycogen fermentation (-) = black, small, nonhemolytic
1. Gravis 2. Mitis 3. Intermedius
355
“Hoffman’s bacillus”
C. pseudodiphtheriticum
356
Ferments glucose, maltose and sucrose
C. xerosis
357
Agent of erythrasma
C. minutissimum
358
Coral red fluorescence on Wood’s lamp (porphyrin)
C. minutissimum
359
Lysogeny (no lysis)
Transduction
360
Aerobic, catalase (+) Zoonotic
B. anthracis
361
B. anthracis Virulence: Diseases: Lab. Diagnosis:
-Exotoxin: edema and lethal -Capsule: D-glutamate -Malignant pustule (Black eschar) -Woolsorter’s disease (Respiratory) -Gastroenteritis (Bloody diarrhea) -PLET: sensitive medium -Colony: medusa-head, inverted pine tree growth -(+) catalase -String of pearls on BAP + 0.05 U of penicillin -Gamma phage susceptible -Ascoli test
362
“Fried rice bacillus” (-) capsule
B. cereus
363
B. cereus Exotoxin (cholera-like):
↑ cAMP = ↑ H2O, Na+, K+ = dehydration
364
Common lab. contaminant
B. subtilis
365
Causes eye infection in heroin addicts
B. subtilis
366
Anaerobic, catalase (-)
Clostridium
367
Clostridium Saccharolytic except:
C. tetani, C. septicum
368
1. Neurotoxic: 2. Histotoxic: 3. Enteric:
C. tetani (spastic paralysis), C. botulinum (flaccid paralysis) C. perfringens, C. septicum C. difficile
369
(Old: C. welchii) Encapsulated, nonmotile
C. perfringens
370
Double zone of hemolysis: -Inner (complete): due to theta toxin -Outer (incomplete hemolysis): due to alpha toxin
C. perfringens
371
C. perfringens Lab. Diagnosis: -Chopped meat: -Nagler test: = Medium: = (+) Opalescence on agar w/o antitoxin = (-) No opalescence on agar w/ antitoxin
growth + gas (anaerobic growth) lecithinase test (alpha toxin) McClung or Neomycin egg yolk ;
372
“Canned-good bacillus”
C. botulinum
373
C. botulinum Virulence: Diseases:
-Heat labile toxin -Botulinum toxin -Not cultured -Wound botulism -Infant botulism
374
“Tack head bacillus”
C. tetani
375
Tennis head, drumstick
C. tetani
376
Oval, terminal spore
C. tetani
377
Swarms on BAP
C. tetani
378
-Not cultured
C. tetani
379
: block release of acetylcholine (muscle) → flaccid paralysis : Most potent toxin : grow in gut and honeybee (SIDS)
-Heat labile toxin -Botulinum toxin Infant botulism
380
C. tetani Virulence: Disease:
Exotoxin -Tetanolysin -Tetanospasmin -Lockjaw -Risus sardonicus: Sardonic smile -Opisthotonus
381
: binds to ganglioside receptors and inhibit neurons in CNS → spastic paralysis : Sardonic smile
-Tetanospasmin -Risus sardonicus
382
Normal flora of the colon
C. difficile
383
Clindamycin-associated pseudomembranous colitis
C. difficile
384
C. difficile Lab. Diagnosis:
-Cytotoxin assay -Culture: CCFA (Yellow colonies w/ horse manure odor)
385
Anaerobic bacteriology Collection: Reduced media:
Needle aspiration -Anaerobic BAP -Schaedler medium -Bacteroides bile medium -Laked Kanamycin-Vancomycin BAP -Anaerobic PEA -Egg yolk agar -Chopped meat -Peptone yeast extract glucose -Thioglycollate broth -Lombard Dowell Agar
386
Methods to promote anaerobiosis
1. GasPak Jar or Mcintosh Fildesh, Brewer, Torbal or any anaerobic jar 2. PRAS
387
1. GasPak Jar or Mcintosh Fildesh, Brewer, Torbal or any anaerobic jar
-CO2, N2, no O2 -H + O2 = H2O -Candle jar = not to be used
388
2. PRAS = roll tube of Hungate Anaerobic indicators:
a. Resazurin = pink b. Methylene blue = colorless
389
Brick red fluorescence
Prevotella Porphyromonas
390
Red fluorescence
Veillonella
391
Pitting of agar
B. ureolyticus
392
Swarming
C. tetani C. septicum
393
Molar tooth colony, sulfur granules
A. israelii
394
Breadcrumb colony
Fusobacterium
395
Gram (+) Anaerobic Bacilli
Actinomyces Bifidobacterium Eubacterium Propionebacterium Lactobacillus Mobiluncus
396
Gram (-) Anaerobic Bacilli
Bacteroides Porphyromonas Prevotella Fusobacterium
397
Gram (+) Anaerobic Cocci
Peptostreptococcus Peptococcus
398
Gram (-) Anaerobic Cocci
Veillonella Megasphera Acidaaminococcus
399
Lumpy jaw
A. bovis
400
Acne vulgaris
P. acnes
401
(+) Catalase, Indole
P. acnes
402
Tomato juice agar
L. acidophilus
403
(-) Catalase
L. acidophilus Mobiluncus P. asaccharolyticus
404
Vaginitis (G. vaginalis)
Mobiluncus
405
Foul odor
Anaerobic infections
406
Needs 20% bile
B. fragilis
407
Vincent’s angina (B. vincenti)
F. necrophorum (F. moriferum)
408
SPS sensitive (Neut: 1% gelatin)
P. anaerobius
409
(-) Indole, Catalase
P. anaerobius
410
Staphylococcus-like Black
P. niger
411
H2S indicators TSI = LIA = SIM =
Ferrous sulfate Ferric ammonium citrate Lead acetate
412
Phenol red Acid = Alkaline =
Yellow Red
413
Methyl red Acid = Alkaline =
Red Yellow
414
Neutral red Acid = Alkaline/neutral =
Pink/red Colorless
415
Bromthymol blue Acid = Neutral = Alkaline =
Yellow Green Blue
416
All ferment glucose All are catalase (+) All reduce NO3 → NO2
Enterobacteriaceae
417
Enterobacteriaceae All are motile except: All are oxidase (-) except:
-Shigella -Klebsiella -Y. pestis -S. gallinarum -S. pullorum P. shigelloides (+)
418
Enterobacteriaceae Antigens:
-K = Capsular (for serotyping) -O = Somatic (cell wall, heat-stable) -H = Flagellar (heat-labile)
419
VP (+) “KESH”
Klebsiella Enterobacter Serratia Hafnia
420
H2S (+) “SPACEd”
Salmonella Proteus Arizona Citrobacter Edwardsiella
421
Lactose Fermenters “ACH” (Slow) “EKE” (Rapid)
Arizona Citrobacter Hafnia E. coli Klebsiella Enterobacter ----------------------------------------------------- Y. enterocolitica = (+) ONPG, TSI: A/A
422
Deaminase (+) “PMP”
Proteus Morganella Providencia
423
Urease (+) “PMP” (except P. alcalifaciens) “K.pn/ox” “E” “Y.ps/en”
Proteus Morganella Providencia K. pneumoniae K. oxytoca E. gergoviae Y. pseudotuberculosis Y. enterocolitica
424
Aerogenic
Klebsiella E. coli Salmonella (except S. typhi, S. gallinarum) Proteus Arizona Citrobacter Enterobacter
425
“Colon Bacillus”
E. coli
426
#1 UTI #2 Neonatal meningitis (K1 Ag)
E. coli
427
MUG (+) except: MUG (+):
E. coli O157:H7 Electric blue fluorescence
428
Traveler’s diarrhea; Turista
ETEC
429
Montezuma revenge
ETEC
430
Belly Delhi
ETEC
431
Cholera like, watery diarrhea (SL, LT)
ETEC
432
Infantile diarrhea
EPEC
433
Pili: pathogenicity island
EPEC
434
Dysentery (Shigella)-like diarrhea
EIEC
435
Invasin: Pathogenicity
EIEC
436
Stool: bloody w/ mucus
EIEC
437
Sereny test
EIEC
438
HUS
EHEC/VTEC
439
Hemorrhagic colitis
EHEC/VTEC
440
Verotoxin: Shigella-like toxin
EHEC/VTEC
441
EHEC/VTEC Sorbitol MAC (-)
E. coli O157:H7
442
Acute and chronic diarrhea
EAEC
443
Aggregative adhesion fimbriae
EAEC
444
Other Escherichia spp = yellow colonies = yellow colonies -Nonmotile, (-) H2S, NLF, PG (-), Vi (-)
E. hermanni E. vulneris Alkalescens dispar (Anaerogenic E. coli/E. coli inactive)
445
UTI, wound, septicemia = yellow pigment = yellow pigment
Enterobacter E. sakazakii E. (Pantoea) agglomerans
446
“Friedlander’s bacillus” (+)Capsule, ESBL
K. pneumoniae
447
K. pneumoniae Diseases:
-Pneumonia: “Currant jelly-like sputum” -Wound infections -Meningitis -UTI
448
Biochemically inert
K. rhinoscleromatis
449
PMP Group (Proteeae) All are indole (+) except
P. mirabilis (-)
450
Swarm on BAP but not on MAC
Proteus
451
#2 UTI
Proteus
452
Renal stone association
Proteus
453
Odor: Burnt gun powder/Burnt chocolate
Proteus
454
: Rapid urease producer
P. mirabilis
455
Indole (-)
Salmonella
456
BSA & SSA: Black colonies
Salmonella
457
Gold standard: Culture
Salmonella
458
Kaufmann White schema -Vi Ag = heat-labile, masks the O Ag -O Ag -H ag
Salmonella
459
Salmonella Tx:
Chloramphenicol
460
S. typhi Diseases: Complication: Lab Diagnosis:
Typhoid fever Meningitis Osteomyelitis Psychosis -1st week: Blood -2nd week: Urine and stool (carrier)
461
Septicemia
S. paratyphi C (S. choleraesuis)
462
“Gardner’s Bacillus”
S. enteritidis
463
Biochemically inert
Shigella
464
SSA: colorless
Shigella
465
Shigella Related to E. coli: -E. coli: -Shigella:
Acetate (+) Acetate (-)
466
Intestinal pathogen: Dysentery
Shigella
467
Shigella Lab. Diagnosis:
-BEST: Culture of fresh stool w/ mucous flecks -Rectal swab of ulcer
468
Shigella Subgroups (O Ag) A = B = C = D =
S. dysenteriae (“Shiga Bacillus”) S. flexneri (“Strong Bacillus”) S. boydii S. sonnei (Cross reacts w Plesiomonas)
469
Red pigment (Prodigiosin) Red milk
Serratia marcescens
470
(+) DNase, Gelatinase, LPS
Serratia marcescens
471
Resistant to many antibiotics
Serratia marcescens
472
Rancid, potato-like odor
Serratia odorifera
473
“Plague Bacillus”
Y. pestis
474
(+) Stalactite on broth medium
Y. pestis
475
V and W antigens
Y. pestis
476
MOT: Rat flea bite
Y. pestis
477
Y. pestis Infections:
-Bubonic plague: buboes, lymphadenopathy -Pneumonic plague -Septicemic plague -Black death
478
Motile at RT’
Y. enterocolitica
479
Appendicitis-like infection
Y. enterocolitica
480
(+) ONPG
Y. enterocolitica
481
Motile at RT’
Y. pseudotuberculosis
482
Mesenteric lymphadenitis, septicemia
Y. pseudotuberculosis
483
“Comma Bacillus” Comma-shaped
Vibrio
484
Darting motility
Vibrio
485
Vibrio Oxidase (+) except
V. mitschnikovii (-)
486
Vibrio Halophilic except:
-V. cholerae -V. mimicus
487
(+) Indole
V. parahaemolyticus
488
Cholera: Ricewater stool
V. cholerae
489
“Fish in the stream” appearance
V. cholerae
490
V. cholerae Lab. Diagnosis Culture: -: Sucrose fermenter -: Tellurite Taurocholate Gelatin Agar -: 6-8 hrs → Subculture (TCBS) -: Transport medium (stool) -: Carrier = (S)
TCBS TTGA APW Cary Blair Rectal swab O129 Susceptibility test
491
Halophilic (8% NaCl)
V. parahaemolyticus
492
(+) String test (0.5% Na desoxycholate)
V. cholerae
493
#1 Gastroenteritis in Japan (seafood)
V. parahaemolyticus
494
Nonsucrose fermenter (TCBS)
V. parahaemolyticus V. vulnificus
495
Kanagawa (+) = Beta hemolysis on Wagatsuma agar
V. parahaemolyticus
496
Stool pathogen
V. vulnificus
497
(+) Blood culture
V. vulnificus
498
(+) Lactose fermentation, ONPG
V. vulnificus
499
Sucrose fermenter (TCBS)
V. alginolyticus
500
Sucrose fermenter (TCBS)
V. alginolyticus
501
Motile (monotrichous)
Aeromonas
502
(+) Oxidase
Aeromonas Plesiomonas Campylobacter H. pylori P. aeruginosa B. cepacia
503
Beta-hemolytic
Aeromonas
504
(R) O129
Aeromonas
505
(+) DNase
Aeromonas
506
(+) Bile esculin hydrolysis
Aeromonas
507
Non-hemolytic
Plesiomonas
508
(V) O129
Plesiomonas
509
(-) DNase
Plesiomonas
510
(-) Bile esculin hydrolysis
Plesiomonas
511
(G) 42’C
Campylobacter
512
Curved, S-shaped (Wings of Seagull)
Campylobacter
513
(+) Catalase
Campylobacter H. pylori
514
Darting motility
Campylobacter
515
(+) Hippurate
C. jejuni
516
(+) Urease
H. pylori
517
H. pylori Test:
Urease breath test
518
OF test Fermentative (close) = Oxidative (open) = Nonutilizer = Medium: Indicator:
O/F = +/+ = Y/Y O/F = +/- = Y/G O/F = -/- = G/G Hugh and Leifson (1% glucose, 1% agar) Bromthymol blue
519
P. aeruginosa Old:
P. pyocyanea
520
Pyocyanus: Blue pus agent
P. aeruginosa
521
Motile (monotrichous)
P. aeruginosa
522
Capsule: Slimy layer
P. aeruginosa
523
Grapelike odor (aminoacetaphenone)
P. aeruginosa
524
(G) 42’C
P. aeruginosa B. pseudomallei
525
Cetrimide medium: selective
P. aeruginosa
526
P. aeruginosa Pigments:
-Pyocyanin: Best -Pyoverdin/Fluorescein: (+) P. putida/P. fluorescens
527
P. aeruginosa Infections:
-#2 Burns (#1: S. aureus) -Wound: Ecthyma gangrenosum -Swimmer’s ear (Otitis externa) -Dermatitis: whirlpool baths -Contact lens infection -#1 Cystic fibrosis
528
Motile (lophotrichous)
B. cepacia B. pseudomallei
529
#2 Cystic fibrosis
B. cepacia
530
(+) Lactose, ONPG
B. cepacia
531
“Whitmore’s Bacillus”
B. pseudomallei
532
Vietnamese timebomb
B. pseudomallei
533
Melioidosis/Glanders-like disease
B. pseudomallei
534
Ashdown medium: Wrinkled colony
B. pseudomallei
535
(+) Lactose
B. pseudomallei
536
Long incubation period: 10-20 years
B. pseudomallei
537
Nonmotile
B. mallei
538
Glander’s disease (Horses)
B. mallei
539
Brown (buff colored) wrinkled colony
P. stutzeri
540
(+) 6.5% NaCl
P. stutzeri
541
(+) NO2 → N2
P. stutzeri
542
(-) Lactose
P. stutzeri
543
Found in stagnant water
P. stutzeri
544
(-) Oxidase (+) DNase (+) Maltose and Glucose Motile (lophotrichous)
S. maltophilia
545
Colony: Lavender green
S. maltophilia
546
Common w/ the use of catheter
S. maltophilia
547
Blue milk
P. syncyanea
548
TSI: K/K + H2S (+) Oxidase
Shewanella putrefaciens
549
(-) Oxidase (+) Catalase Nonmotile Causes UTI
Acinetobacter
550
MAC: purple colonies
Acinetobacter
551
Mistaken as Neisseria – (+) oxidase
Acinetobacter
552
Oxidizer
A. anitratus (A. baumanii)
553
Herella vaginocola
A. anitratus (A. baumanii)
554
Nonoxidizer
A. lwoffi
555
Mima polymorpha
A. lwoffi
556
(+) Oxidase (+) Catalase
Alcaligenes faecalis
557
Motile (peritrichous)
Alcaligenes faecalis
558
Asaccharolytic
Alcaligenes faecalis M. lacunata
559
“Fruity” odor
Alcaligenes faecalis
560
(+) Pitting of agar (+) Oxidase (+) Catalase
M. lacunata
561
(NG) MAC
M. lacunata
562
Infection: Blepharoconjunctivitis
M. lacunata
563
Mistaken as Neisseria
M. lacunata
564
Flavin = Yellow pigment
Flavobacterium (Chryseobacterium) meningosepticum
565
(+) Oxidase (+) DNase (+) Indole (+) Gelatin hydrolysis Nonmotile
Flavobacterium (Chryseobacterium) meningosepticum
566
Causes neonatal meningitis
Flavobacterium (Chryseobacterium) meningosepticum
567
Twitching motility
E. corrodens
568
MOT: Human bite
E. corrodens
569
“Clenched fist”
E. corrodens
570
Corrodes agar
E. corrodens
571
Odor: Bleach-like
E. corrodens
572
(-) Catalase (+) Oxidase
E. corrodens
573
Cause SBE (HACEK)
Kingella spp
574
Pits agar
Kingella spp
575
Require X factor (hemin) and V factor (NAD)
Haemophilus
576
(+) Satellitism (+) Oxidase
Haemophilus
577
HCAP: medium of choice (5% CO2)
Haemophilus
578
X factor D-ALA → (+) Protoporphyrin (Red)
Porphyrin test
579
“Pfeiffer’s Bacillus”
H. influenzae
580
H. influenzae Serotype polysaccharide:
-Hib = Haemophilus type B: capsular antigen type B (polyribose ribitol PO4)
581
H. influenzae Infections: Lab. Diagnosis:
-Epiglotitis (Major) -#3 Meningitis (#1: S. pneumoniae/#2: N. meningitidis) -Otitis media, CF, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, URTI, sepsis -Culture: Grayish, dew drop colony w/ Mousy odor a. CAP b. Levinthal c. Fildes
582
“Chancroid Bacillus”
H. ducreyi
583
(G) CAP + Vancomycin (33’C)
H. ducreyi
584
Soft chancre (painful)
H. ducreyi
585
School of red fish
H. ducreyi
586
“Koch Week’s Bacillus”
H. aegyptius
587
Pink eye conjunctivitis
H. aegyptius
588
Brazilian purpuric fever
H. aegyptius
589
“Whooping cough Bacillus”
B. pertussis
590
Strictly aerobic
B. pertussis
591
Encapsulated, nonmotile
B. pertussis
592
Require cysteine and methionine for growth
B. pertussis
593
Toluidine blue: Bipolar granules
B. pertussis
594
B. pertussis Stages: Whooping cough : mild : successive cough : recovery
1. Catarrhal 2. Paroxysmal 3. Convalescence
595
B. pertussis Lab. Diagnosis: -NPS: Carrier -Culture media:
a. BG (PBGA) = mercury droplet colonies (pearl-like) b. RL (Charcoal horse blood) c. Jones Kendrich (Charcoal, yeast extract) d. CCBA e. Stainer and Scholte f. Casamino broth
596
“Kennel cough Bacillus”
B. bronchiseptica
597
(-) Capsule
Brucella
598
Obligate aerobe Nonmotile Facultatively intracellular (phagocytes)
Brucella
599
Erythritol: enhances growth
Brucella
600
Zoonotic: found in animal placenta
Brucella
601
Brucella Infections: Lab. Diagnosis:
- Undulant fever -Malta fever -Aboriton in cattle -Endocarditis -Castañeda broth: Best medium -TSB: Best medium -W (Wisconsin) medium: selective -(+) Rose Bengal & 2-ME agglutination
602
“Bang’s Bacillus”
B. abortus
603
(+) Capsule
F. tularensis
604
Nonmotile Facultatively intracellular Obligate aerobe
F. tularensis
605
Lab. acquired infection (BSL II)
F. tularensis
606
Tularemia:
-Lymphadenopathy -Deerfly, lemming, rabbit, water rat trapper’s disease
607
F. tularensis Lab. Diagnosis: 1. GCBA: 2. PCA: 3. CHA: 4. Biochem:
Glucose cysteine blood agar Peptone cysteine agar Cysteine heart agar -(+) Catalase -(-) Oxidase -(-) Urease -(-) MAC
608
Multocida: Multiple killing
P. multocida
609
(+) Capsule Nonmotile (+) Oxidase (+) Catalase (+) Glucose (+) Ornithine (+) Indole (+) Urease (G) BAP (NG) MAC
P. multocida
610
P. multocida Infections:
-Animal (cat) bite wound infection -Shipping fever
611
(-) Catalase Dx: Serology
Treponema
612
(+) Catalase Dx: Culture
Leptospira
613
(-) Catalase Dx: Giemsa (blood smear), Serology
Borrelia
614
Noncultivable on agar
T. pallidum
615
Obligate intracellular (Rabbit’s testicle)
T. pallidum
616
Syphilis 1’ = 2’ = Latent: 3’: Congenital syphilis:
Hard chancre (Painless) Condylomata lata (HPV: Condylomata acuminata) Asymptomatic, Dx: Serology Gummas, neurosyphilis Hutchinsonian triad, abortion, still birth
617
Neurosyphilis
Tabes dorsalis
618
Treatment for syphilis (Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction)
Penicillin
619
Yaws, Framboesia Pinta Bejel Rabbit syphilis
T. pertenue T. carateum T. endemicum T. cuniculi
620
Lab. Diagnosis (Treponemes) 1. Darkfield microscopy: 2. Stain: 3. Serology:
-Corkscrew motility -1’ and 2’ syphilis Levaditi silver impregnation -Latent, 3’ syphilis -Reagin test (VDRL, RPR, TRUST) -Trep. Antibody test (FTA-ABS [confirm], MHA-TP, HATTS)
621
Obligate aerobes
L. interrogans icterohemorrhagiae
622
Spiral w/ hooked ends
L. interrogans icterohemorrhagiae
623
L. interrogans icterohemorrhagiae Weil’s disease (Zoonotic): -1st week: -2nd week:
blood, CSF urine (chronic)
624
L. interrogans icterohemorrhagiae Animal serum:
30’C for 6 weeks
625
L. interrogans icterohemorrhagiae Culture media:
-Fletcher’s -Noguchi -EMJH
626
Blood spirochete
Borrelia
627
Borrelia 1. Relapsing fever: Diagnosis: 2. Lyme disease: -MOT: a. 1’ stage: b. 2’ stage: c. 3’ stage: Diagnosis: -Culture on Barber Stoenner Kelly medium =
a. B. recurrentis: louse-borne b. B. anserine: tick-borne c. B. turicatae: tick-borne d. B. parkeri: tick-borne Wright’s/Giemsa (blood/BM) B. burgdorferi Tick bite (I. dammini) Erythema chronicum migrans (Bull’s eye rash) neurological (meningitis), cardiac Arthritis (joint fluid) Culture and Serology 33’C for 6 weeks
628
Star-like colony
A. actinomycetemcomitans
629
Dots and dashes of Morse code
A. actinomycetemcomitans
630
(+) Indole
C. hominis
631
Teardrop shape
C. hominis
632
Rosette formation
C. hominis
633
Asaccharolytic
E. corrodens
634
Obligate intracellular
Chlamydia (Old: Bedsonia)
635
Energy (ATP) parasites
Chlamydia (Old: Bedsonia)
636
Chlamydia (Old: Bedsonia) Inclusion body: diagnostic (stained by Giemsa), not Gram stained = infectious = reproductive
a. Elementary body b. Reticulate body
637
Chlamydia (Old: Bedsonia) Immunofluorescence:
det. Chlamydia antigen (N. gonorrhoeae)
638
Contains glycogen ---(I2)---> Brown
C. trachomatis
639
TRIC agent: Trachoma Inclusion Conjunctivitis
C. trachomatis
640
C. trachomatis Diseases:
-LGV (Frei’s test) -PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) -#1 STD in US -#1 NGU (S) Sulfonamide
641
C. trachomatis Lab. Diagnosis: 1. Inclusion body (Halberstadter Prowazeik) -Stain (Glycogen): -Elementary body: 2. Fitz-Hugh Curtis 3. McCoy (shell vial) = 4. Direct IF = 5. DNA amplification = 6. Transport =
Iodine (brown)/Giemsa (purple) Round-shaped Best medium (cell culture) Ag most sensitive 4’C/-70’C (long term)
642
Parrot fever/Psittacosis/Ornithosis
C. psittaci
643
Parrot fever/Psittacosis/Ornithosis
C. psittaci
644
Man: Pneumonia
C. psittaci
645
Inclusion body (Levinthal Cole Lillie) Elementary body: Round-shaped
C. psittaci
646
(-) glycogen (R) Sulfonamide
C. psittaci
647
TWAR agent
C. pneumoniae
648
Pneumonia: Human-to-human
C. pneumoniae
649
Growth on: -Human lines -Hep-2 cell
C. pneumoniae
650
Guillain-Barré syndrome: ascending paralysis
C. pneumoniae
651
Obligate intracellular (endothelial cells) except Coxiella (extracellular)
Rickettsia
652
Arthropod borne except Coxiella (inhalation)
Rickettsia
653
Arthropod borne except Coxiella (inhalation)
Rickettsia
654
Rickettsia Lab. Diagnosis: : cross react w/ Proteus (det. Rickettsial Ab) : Gimenez, Macchiavelo : Embryonated egg, cell culture
1. Weil-Felix test 2. Special stain 3. Culture
655
Intracellular (WBCs)
656
Intracellular (WBCs)
Ehrlichia
657
Morulae: diagnostic form
Ehrlichia
658
Tick-transmitted
Ehrlichia
659
Cause sennetsu fever
Ehrlichia
660
No cell wall (pleomorphic)
Mycoplasma
661
Fried egg/mulberry
Mycoplasma
662
Cell membrane: Sterol (bilipid layer)
Mycoplasma
663
Require sterol for growth
Mycoplasma
664
(R) Penicillin
Mycoplasma
665
Diene’s stain: stain for Mycoplasma colonies (blue)
Mycoplasma
666
Eaton agent
M. pneumoniae
667
PPLO: Pleuropneumonia-like organism
M. pneumoniae
668
PAP: Primary atypical pneumonia
M. pneumoniae
669
Walking pneumonia
M. pneumoniae
670
M. pneumoniae Lab. Diagnosis: 1. Media: 2. Confirm: 3. Screening: 4. Confirmatory:
PPLO agar Hemadsorption test (not a serological test), RBCs → Colonies Cold agglutination IF
671
M. pneumoniae Tx:
Tetracyclin/Erythromycin
672
Large fried egg colony
M. hominis
673
Infections: Post abortal, post partum fever, PID
M. hominis
674
Media: -A7/A8: selective -NYCA -SP4: arginine
M. hominis
675
T strain = tiny fried egg
U. urealyticum
676
(+) Urease = brown
U. urealyticum
677
Cause NGU
U. urealyticum
678
Media: -A7/A8 -SP4: urea -NYCA
U. urealyticum
679
Old: Haemophilus v., Corynebacterium v.
G. vaginalis
680
(-) Catalase (-) Oxidase
G. vaginalis
681
(S) SPS (Counteracted by 1% gelatin)
G. vaginalis
682
Whiff’s test: 3% KOH  Fishy amine-like odor
G. vaginalis
683
Media: HBTA (selective), V (vaginalis) agar, Columbia CNA
G. vaginalis
684
Gram (V)
G. vaginalis
685
(+) Capsule
C. granulomatis
686
Safety pin
C. granulomatis
687
MOT: Sexual contact
C. granulomatis
688
Causes granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis)
C. granulomatis
689
Giemsa stain: Donovan bodies (macrophage w/ Gram [-] bacilli)
C. granulomatis
690
Not cultured
C. granulomatis
691
String of beads
S. moniliformis
692
Broth: fluff balls
S. moniliformis
693
HI: fried egg
S. moniliformis
694
(w/ cell wall) ---(Penicillin)---> L forms (no cell wall)
S. moniliformis
695
(S) SPS
S. moniliformis
696
S. moniliformis Infections:
-Rat bite fever -Haverhill disease
697
Spiral organism
S. minus (S. minor)
698
Causes rat bite fever
S. minus (S. minor)
699
Cannot be cultivated
S. minus (S. minor)
700
Old: Achromobacterium
C. violaceum
701
Violacein: violet colored
C. violaceum
702
MAC: NLF
C. violaceum
703
NH4 cyanide
C. violaceum
704
Fusiform
Capnocytophaga
705
Gliding motility
Capnocytophaga
706
Periodontal disease (oral flora) = periodontitis
Capnocytophaga
707
Large spreading colonies
Capnocytophaga
708
(-) Oxidase (-) Catalase (-) Indole (+) Esculin hydrolysis, NO3 reduction
Capnocytophaga
709
Infections: Cat scratch disease Bacillary angiomatosis Peliosis Hepatitis
B. henselae
710
(NG) MAC
B. henselae
711
Vector: Sandfly
B. bacilli formis
712
Infections: -Carrion’s disease -Verruga peruana: skin eruptions -Oroya fever: anemia
B. bacilli formis
713
Aerobic Facultatively intracellular
L. pneumophila
714
Require cysteine and iron for growth
L. pneumophila
715
(NG) MAC = no cysteine
L. pneumophila
716
Isolated from airconditioners and water-cooling towers
L. pneumophila
717
Infections: -Broadstreet pneumonia -Pontiac fever
L. pneumophila
718
(+) Catalase (+) Oxidase (+) DNase (+) Beta-lactamase
L. pneumophila
719
L. pneumophila Lab. Diagnosis: : Ag (IF: Ab) : Blue green cut glass colony : 10 mins : 4’C or frozen
1. DF Ab test 2. BCYE 3. Safranin 4. Transport
720
Tumbling motility: head over heels/end-to-end motility
L. monocytogenes
721
Listeriolysin O
L. monocytogenes
722
Infections: -Granulomatosis infantiseptica -Meningitis
L. monocytogenes
723
Lab. Diagnosis: Anton’s test (Skin test)
L. monocytogenes
724
Growth: Test tube brush
E. rhusiopathiae
725
Erysipeloid: Butcher’s cut
E. rhusiopathiae
726
E. coli: Index of fecal contamination
Water Bacteriology
727
Det. coliforms
Water Bacteriology
728
Neutralizes chlorine
Sodium thiosulfate
729
Lactose broth/ + H2O ----------(35’C for 24 hrs)----> (+) Gas Lauryl tryptose broth (-) No gas after 48 hrs
1. Presumptive test
730
EMB/Endo agar + Inoculum -----(24 hrs)-----------> (+) Colony
2. Confirmatory test
731
Lactose broth fermentation tube ---(35’C for 24-48 hrs)---> (+) Acid + Gas
3. Completed test
732
Most common method for H2 analysis Estimation of coliform group density # of positive coliforms from multiple decimal dilution
MPN (Most Probable Number)
733
Reference laboratories (Water Bacteriology)
EAMC FDA
734
Acid forming, causes normal souring of milk
Streptococcus lactis
735
Gas-forming, hydrolyze the milk protein casein
Coliform bacteria
736
Hay bacteria, proteolytic action on coagulated milk
Bacillus subtilis
737
Stormy fermentation of milk
Clostridium butyricum Clostridium perfringens
738
Blue milk
Pseudomonas syncyanea
739
Red milk
Serratia marcescens
740
Blue green milk
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
741
Yellow milk
Flavobacterium synxanthum
742
Slimy or ropy milk (capsule formation)
Alcaligenes viscosus

MICROBIO (7 decks)

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