Mutation Flashcards
What are the small-scale mutation. There are 5 what are they?
- Point Mutation
- Substitution Mutation
- Inversion
- Insertion
- Deletion
When “one or more bases” in the sequence is REPLACED by the same number of bases
Substitution Mutation
When a base is DELETED from the sequence.
Deletion
When a segment of a chromosome is “reversed end to end”
Inversion
When a base is ADDED to the sequence.
Insertion
A change in one base in the DNA sequence
Point Mutation
Defined as a change in a DNA sequence
Mutation
Effects of small-scale mutation?
- Silent Mutation
- Missense Mutation
- Nonsense Mutation
One of the effects of small-scale mutation: the nucleotide is replaced, but the codon still produces the “same amino acid”.
Silent Mutation
Effects of small-scale mutation: the codon now results in a “STOP” command, truncating the protein at the location where the mutated codon is read
Nonsense Mutation
Effects of small-scale mutation: the codon now results in a “different amino acid, which may or may not significantly alter the protein’s function.
Missense Mutation
Chargaff’s Rules A =_____ and G = ________
A= T
G= C
What are the stop codons
UAA
UAG
UGA
6 Large-scale mutation what are they?
- Deletion
- Duplication
- Inversion
- Insertion
- Translocation
- Nondisjunction
DIDINT
The use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and human environment?
Biotechnology
- Unnatural selection.
- process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits.
- certain traits are enhanced by selectively killing the organisms that doesn’t have the desired traits.
Selective Breeding
What are the selecting breeding methods
Hybridization and Inbreeding
” continued breeding “ of individuals with similar characteristics “to maintain desirable characteristics.”
Inbreeding
Crossing “ dissimilar individuals to bring the best” of both organisms resulting to hybrids.
Hybridization
It is the direct human manipulation of an organisms genetic material that does not occur under natural Conditions.
Genetic engineering
The process in which “ fragments” of DNA from one of more different organisms”are cut and combined” to form recombinant DNA
Gene Splicing
“Results from combining two or more sequences” that do not normally occur together through gene splicing.
Recombination
A variant of maize that is genetically altered to express_____ toxins which is poisonous to corn borres.
BT corn ( Bacillus thuringensis
Used to correct genetic disorder. An experimental form of treatment that uses gene transfer of genetic material into the cell of a patient to cure the disease.
Gene therapy
