Mutation/transport/protein Synthesis

Question 0

List the 4 ways in which mutation can occur

Answer 0

Substitution
Deletion
Insertion
Inversion

Question 1

Define mutation

Answer 1

Change in genetic info

Change in DNA sequence/number

Question 2

2 causes for mutation

Answer 2

Chance - spontaneous mutations

Induced by mutagenic agents eg x Rays

Question 3

Which type of cells pass on mutations, which don’t?

Answer 3

Mutations in gametes are inherited

Mutations in somatic cells cannot be

Question 4

What is protein synthesis

Answer 4

How each cell uses

DNA code/genetic info to

Make proteins/structures it needs

Question 5

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis

Answer 5

Transcription

Translation

Question 6

Describe transcription

Answer 6

Copy of 1 gene from DNA made into MRNA

MRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome for translation

Question 7

What does the m in MRNA stand for

Answer 7

Messenger

Question 8

1 gene is 1?

Answer 8

Protein

Question 9

Describe translation

Answer 9

Ribosome reads code

Uses info to build required protein - polypeptides

Question 10

A good way to imagine proteins is

Answer 10

As different combinations & lengths of diff coloured beads

Beads are amino acids

Question 11

Describe 2 types of transport in human body

Answer 11

Passive

Active

Question 12

Define passive transport

Answer 12

No energy used

Question 13

Define active transport

Answer 13

Uses ATP energy

Question 14

What are the three types of passive transport

Answer 14

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

Question 15

What are 3 types of active transport

Answer 15

Sodium potassium pump
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Question 16

Transport of what to where?

Answer 16

Molecule transport across cell membrane

Question 17

In which ‘direction’ does passive transport travel

Answer 17

Down the concentration gradient

Downhill

Question 18

In which ‘direction’ does active transport travel

Answer 18

Up the concentration gradient

Uphill

Question 19

Describe diffusion

Answer 19

Movement of small substance from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Dog farting in large room

Question 20

Give example of bodily diffusion

Answer 20

Transfer of O2 from lung alveoli into blood

Question 21

What substances are transported via diffusion

Answer 21

Gases
Liquids
Solutions of ions

Question 22

What happens to the protein carrier molecules during facilitated diffusion

Answer 22

Change shape - form protein channel - deposits substance on other side

Question 23

Describe facilitated diffusion

Answer 23

Movement of larger substance from area of high concentration to low

With aid of protein carrier molecules/sites in the membrane

Question 24

What else do you know about protein carrier sites

Answer 24

Specific - lock & key Transport maximum

Question 25

Which substances use facilitated diffusion

Answer 25

Substances unable to diffuse unaided Glucose Amino acids Ions

Question 26

Describe osmosis

Answer 26

Movement of water down its concentration gradient when cannot be achieved by diffusion Water dilutes concentrated solution And dilutes concentrated solution to reach equilibrium

Question 27

Which are the three types of solution associated with osmosis

Answer 27

Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

Question 28

Describe sodium-potassium pump

Answer 28

Transport substances from low to high concentration. ATP used to activate protein carrier molecules to transport against/up gradient

Question 29

Substances using Sodium-potassium pump transport?

Answer 29

Sodium Potassium Calcium Hydrogen

Question 30

2 types of endocytosis (and define)

Answer 30

Phagocytosis - cell EATING large particles Pinocytosis - cell DRINKING large particles

Question 31

What is endocytosis

Answer 31

Particles engulfed/enclosed by extensions of cytoplasm & plasma membrane Forms membrane-bound vacuole Lysosomes adhere to vacuole membrane, releasing enzymes to digest contents

Question 32

Substances using endocytosis

Answer 32

Liquids Microbes Cell fragments

Question 34

Describe exocytosis

Answer 34

Waste material removal Reverse phagocytosis

Question 35

Substances requiring exocytosis

Answer 35

Secretory granules from Golgi apparatus Indigestible residue of phagocytosis