Mutualism and Paracitism

Question 1

exploitation, and what constitutes as it

Answer 1

predation, herbivory, paracitism
one benefits one is harmed

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two or more species

Question 3

Commensalism

Answer 3

an interaction in which individuals of one species benefit while individuals of the other species do not benefit nor are harmed (i.e., neutral)

Question 4

facilitation

Answer 4

a positive interaction

Question 5

Symbiosis

Answer 5

a relationship where individuals live in close physical contact
* Importantly, this can be: +/+, +/0, or +/-

Question 6

Symbiotic relationships are not always

Answer 6

mutualistic (vice versa)

Question 7

Symbiosis is characterized as

Answer 7

a close physical, interdependent association between >two organisms

Question 8

Non-symbiotic mutualisms

Answer 8

• Pollination
• Birds cleaning ungulates
• Cleaner fish

Question 9

Interactions between species may fall somewhere on the continuum of:

Answer 9

++, +0, +-
meaning Biology/evolution/etc. is rarely black and white

Question 10

what percent of land plants rely on mycorrhizal relationships
what do relationships do

Answer 10

about 80% of land plants rely on mycorrhizal relationships with fungi to provide inorganic compounds

Question 11

the evolution of the eukaryotic cell is called
what type of interaction?

Answer 11

symbiogenesis theory
mutualism

Question 12

barnacles and whales are an example of

Answer 12

commensalism

Question 13

tick and host example of

Answer 13

parasitism

Question 14

Obligate mutualism

Answer 14

Not optional
occurring by necessity
Dependance on specific partners

Question 15

Facultative Mutualism

Answer 15

occurring optionally
No dependance on specific partners
(low risk of extinction if a partner
goes extinct)

Question 16

Fig-wasp what obligate or facultive

Answer 16

• Neither species can exist
  without the other
  –> obligate

Question 17

Nurse plant in the desert facultative or obligative

Answer 17

Nurse plants in the desert
* Soil beneath an adult is cool and
moist – good for seedlings
-Facultative
beacuse mfs can live w/o

Question 18

Anemones Clownfish type mutualism

Answer 18

Anemones provide fish with
protection from predators
* Due to the presence of stinging cells
* Clownfish defends anemones from
butterfly fish
Service-service relationships–> rarest form

Question 19

Acacia trees and ants what type of mutualistic relationshoip

Answer 19

Ants protect acacias from herbivores
* Ants also trim back other vegetation
that would otherwise shade the
acacias
* Acacias provide shelter; ants nest
inside the thorns
* Ants also eat on food-bodies produced by the
plant, introducing a service-resource component
to the interaction
-service service relationship

Question 20

Mycorrhiza is what type of mutualist relationship?

Answer 20

resource - resource

Question 21

Service-resource relationships and examples

Answer 21

-pollination
-cleaning symbiosis
-Zoochory
most common form

Question 22

Plant species that rely on animals for pollen dispersal often have

Answer 22

very specific pollinators that they have co-evolved with.

Question 23

Ophrys apifera
A flower that resembles a female bee

Answer 23

Sexually deceptive pollination
Plant also emits chemicals that mimic females bees.
* Males are attracted and attempt to copulate with it

Question 24

Pollinators provide

Answer 24

ecosystem services

Question 25

Zooxanthellae

Answer 25

Single-celled dinoflagellate / algae that photosynthesize inside of coral tissue

Question 26

Zooxanthellae relationship w coral

Answer 26

* Provide glucose, glycerol, and amino acids to the coral in exchange for protection * Help remove coral’s waste (Ammonia) * They also give coral their coloration

Question 27

Lichen fungal symbiosis w cyanobac/ algae

Answer 27

The body of a lichen consists of fungal filaments (hyphae) surrounding cells of green algae and/or blue-green cyanobacteria. * Fungus receive nutrients obtained via photosynthesis * Algae receive food/protection/stability from the fungus

Question 28

Trophic mutualisms

Answer 28

mutualist receives energy/nutrients from its partner * Leaf-cutter ants and fungus * Mycorrhizae * Coral/alga

Question 29

Habitat mutualisms

Answer 29

One partner provides the other with shelter, living space, or favorable habitat * Pistol shrimp dig burrows that that they share with goby fish - goby gets a refuge and in turn serves as a “seeing eye fish” for the nearly blind shrimp

Question 30

Many mutualisms are thought to have evolved from

Answer 30

antagonistic interactions

Question 31

virulence theory

Answer 31

a model which predicts reduces antagonism, perhaps in the direction of mutualism, in parasitism interactions were host fidelity is high and alterative hosts are not an abundant option

Question 32

E.g., Wolbachia (bacteria) which are vertically transmitted with Drosophila simulans what happened

Answer 32

Basic idea is that because they are maternally transmitted, parasites may evolve towards a more mutualistic relationship with their host

Question 33

Each partner should act in such a manner that

Answer 33

serves its own ecological and evolutionary interests

Question 34

Although both partners in a mutualism benefit

Answer 34

there are also costs sometimes the cost is a reward for the service

Question 35

Cheaters

Answer 35

individuals who does not cooperate (or cooperates less than their fair share) and/or exploit their partners while gaining a benefit at their expense

Question 36

what are the risks to cheating

Answer 36

may be penalties imposed by exploited individual

Question 37

why does mutualism evolve? what happens if it goes too far?

Answer 37

net effect is advantageous to both partners disadvantageous it would probably break down or become parasitism

Question 38

Mutualisms are not

Answer 38

friendly interactions among species reciproical parasitism RECIPROICAL PARASITISM

Question 39

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi

Answer 39

Penetrate the cortical cells of plant roots, forming a branched network called an arbuscule * in 80% of plant species

Question 40

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi

Answer 40

do not penetrate cortical cells

Question 41

Mycorrhizal fungi relationships exist when

Answer 41

associations are mutualistic when Net Costs < Net Benefits

Question 42

AMF are more mutualistic

Answer 42

when grown in nutrient poor soil

Question 43

plant- AMF relationships form a continuum

Answer 43

from mutualistic to parasitic interactions.

Question 44

Parasitism is a form of

Answer 44

exploitation

Question 45

what is different between predator prey and parasite host

Answer 45

a parasite forms an intricate and long-term relationship with the host – something that herbivores & predators do not do.

Question 46

like mutualism, parasitism

Answer 46

may either be Obligate (Not optional) or Facultative (optional)

Question 47

Endoparasites

Answer 47

(living inside the host

Question 48

Ectoparasites

Answer 48

living outside the host (e.g., skin))

Question 49

Mesoparasite

Answer 49

enter through an opening of a host’s body and remain partly embedded

Question 50

Brood parasites

Answer 50

lay egg in other species nest for example cuck them

Question 51

Kleptoparasites

Answer 51

stealing food gathered from a host

Question 52

Sexual parasites

Answer 52

anglerfish males are tiny compared to the size of females

Question 53

Vector-transmitted parasites vs Directly-transmitted parasites

Answer 53

requiring a third party, a vector not requiring a vector(lice)

Question 54

Parasitoids

Answer 54

insects that eventually kill their hosts (wasps, flies, etc.)

Question 55

Trophically-transmitted

Answer 55

requiring the host to consume them (e.g., roundworms, liver fluke) * These parasites often alter the behaviour of their hosts

Question 56

Red-Queen Hypothesis

Answer 56

-A hypothesis describing how reciprocal evolutionary effects among species leads to coevolution\ -Species (or populations) must continually evolve new adaptations in response to evolutionary changes in other organisms to avoid extinction Has been adapted to explain the evolution of many phenomena (Sex, Mating systems ,Pathogen virulence Maintenance of genetic diversity)