My Notes for boundaries, absolute age, and climate change

Question 1

What are the 3 characteristics of matter/3 types of rock behaviour?

Answer 1

1) elastic
2) ductile
3) brittle

Question 2

Rocks are…
ductile under___pressure
elastic under___pressure
brittle between___pressure

Answer 2

• low
• high
• high and low

Question 3

The ___, particularly the___glows like a liquid.

Answer 3

• mantle

- asthenosphere

Question 4

Where do diamonds come from?

Answer 4

the mantle

Question 5

What are the 4 points of evidence for pangea with rock matching?

Answer 5

1) Archean/younger boundary in South America and Africa
2) Late paleozoic glacier
3) fossils in Gwondana
4) Appalachian/Caledonian Mountain Chain

Question 6

When was there a massive glacier?

Answer 6

late paleozoic

Question 7

What are the 2 points of evidence for glaciers?

Answer 7

1) glacial striations- pebbles get picked up by glacier and as it flows they scratch the surface of the rock. Track the direction of flow
2) glacial deposits- as glacier flows, it picks up debris. When ice melts, this debris is left behind, called till. Ancient deposits.

Question 8

Pangea began to form around___Ma.

Answer 8

300

Question 9

What created Pangea? Where did the Caledonian Orogeny take place? When did the final orogenic effects end?

Answer 9

Plate collision and the Caledonian Orogeny takes place along part of the Convergent Plate Boundary. Final orogenic effects end ~250 Ma

Question 10

When was the break up of Pangea?

Answer 10

180 Ma

Question 11

When was the amalgamation of Rodina?

Answer 11

1000 Ma

Question 12

When was the breakup of Rodina?

Answer 12

700 Ma

Question 13

When continents break up and collide,___is changing at the same time.

Answer 13

Climate

Question 14

What is lateral continuity?

Answer 14

Layers aren’t just on surface of this hill, they go through body of hill and project through others. Some may have been eroded away. we run into this when we drill holes. Eventually the layers run out, but until then, they are laterally contingent.

Question 15

Where is the magnetic axis alway at on average?

Answer 15

The axis of spin (the geographic north pole)

Question 16

How many km does the magnetic pole move each year?

Answer 16

several

Question 17

What is each spot the magnetic pole lands on called?

Answer 17

virtual geomagnetic

Question 18

What tracks continent movement?

Answer 18

polar wandering curve

Question 19

What carried old magnetic information with it when it moved?

Answer 19

continents

Question 20

What are divergent plate boundaries?

Answer 20

plates moving away

Question 21

What are convergent or collisional plate boundaries?

Answer 21

plates coming together

Question 22

What are transform plate boundaries?

Answer 22

plates moving sideways

Question 23

Average rate of continent movement? What is the range of continent movement?

Answer 23

Average = 2 cm/year
Range = 0-10 cm/year

Question 24

Where do earthquakes occur?

Answer 24

at plate margins

Question 25

Does the entire fault slip at the same time an earthquake slips?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

Where is the centre of earthquake slip?

Answer 26

Where the energy is released

Question 27

How is absolute plate movement determine?

Answer 27

- from satellite map | - geological past --> apparent polar wandering curves

Question 28

What do divergent plate boundaries result from?

Answer 28

earthquakes, MOR, rift valley, etc.

Question 29

Continental breakup =

Answer 29

ocean formation

Question 30

At what depth is there partial melting during subduction with c.p.b?

Answer 30

At about 200 km depth there is partial melting with subduction

Question 31

What are trenches on the ocean floor caused by?

Answer 31

subduction

Question 32

What are belts of volcanoes around pacific always beside?

Answer 32

an ocean trench

Question 33

What are the two types of volcanic arcs?

Answer 33

- land 1) volcanic continental arcs - sea 2) volcanic island arcs

Question 34

Are volcanoes alway inside or outside of the arc?

Answer 34

inside

Question 35

Where does almost all of Earth's visible volcanic activity take place at?

Answer 35

The Ring of Fire

Question 36

How deep is Mariana's Trench?

Answer 36

13 km deep

Question 37

What are sea mounts? Which have flat and pointed tops?

Answer 37

- guyot - abyssal hills - coral reef (atoll) - some have pointed top --> under waves - some have flat top --> over waves

Question 38

What are the two causes of volcanism?

Answer 38

1) divergent plate boundaries (ex. Iceland) --> melting at depth caused by decompression 2) convergent plate boundaries --> subduction process (heat generated) raise temperature --> melting

Question 39

What leads to the production of orogenic mountain belts?

Answer 39

convergent plate boundaries

Question 40

What is an orogen created from?

Answer 40

geosyncline

Question 41

How thick are geosynclines?

Answer 41

30 km thick

Question 42

How old are geosynclines?

Answer 42

several million years

Question 43

What are geosynclines made up of?

Answer 43

sediment and volcanics

Question 44

What are the 4 parts the tectonic uplift process?

Answer 44

1) folding 2) thrust faulting 3) intrusion 4) metamorphism at depth (once deeply buried rock now on Earth's surface --> like precambrian shields)

Question 45

What drives organic evolution?

Answer 45

As continents move around and change positions, they sometimes move into new climate zones. When orogenic mountain belts form, they change the environment. Steady ongoing position of seafloor and continents for last four billion years is the driving force behind organic evolution.

Question 46

There are some places where a "hot spot" comes from the___mantle.

Answer 46

lower

Question 47

Do hot spots interfere with plate movement?

Answer 47

no

Question 48

What are the three ways that hot spots can form?

Answer 48

1) Erupt at surface with a volcano. 2) Can also form by extra fast rising bit of plume that will cause plate separation 3) Can also punch through continents

Question 49

What creates plumes and convection cells? What does this lead to the creation of?

Answer 49

Combination of heat and gravity creates plumes and connection cells which creates what we see on the Earth's surface (topography, volcanoes, organic evolution, etc.).

Question 50

What is absolute geological time?

Answer 50

The time when some event occurred | -years ago

Question 51

What are the 4 measurements of absolute time?

Answer 51

1) *radioactive decay of isotopes 2) tree rings 3) varve 4) layers in glaciers

Question 52

How to radioactive isotopes make a geological clock?

Answer 52

because you can measure the rate of decay

Question 53

What does decay equal with radioactive isotopes/

Answer 53

- alter to some stable daughter element | - atomic nucleus deconstructs itself --> emits particles --> protons and neutrons

Question 54

What is the half life of a radioactive isotope?

Answer 54

how long it takes for one half to decay

Question 55

How can we calculate absolute age with radioactive isotopes?

Answer 55

By looking at rate of daughter-parent we can calculate the age.

Question 56

What does potassium convert to when it decays?

Answer 56

Argon

Question 57

What is argon?

Answer 57

- does not combine chemically with anything | - noble fas

Question 58

^40K --> ^40 Ar has 1___proton and 1___neutron

Answer 58

- less | - more

Question 59

Is Ar radioactive or radiogenic?

Answer 59

radiogenic

Question 60

What does it mean to be radiogenic?

Answer 60

Form from radioactive decay of something

Question 61

What is the only way that Ar is produced?

Answer 61

From the radioactive decay of something (like K)

Question 62

Why is zircon important?

Answer 62

Because some of the zirconium (which zircon contains) is replaced chemically with uranium

Question 63

What elements is organic material made up of?

Answer 63

C H O N

Question 64

What is bracketing?

Answer 64

date: lave bracketed: fossil date: lava

Question 65

What is almost the only way to know the absolute age of a fossil?

Answer 65

by bracketing

Question 66

What wer ehe age of the rocks that have all the potash that turned Saskatchewan into a have province?

Answer 66

Devonian

Question 67

What is the other way to date fossils?

Answer 67

A few fossils found in volcanic ash (or rarely lava) can be dated by dating volcanic rock.

Question 68

When was the start and the end of the Pleistocene?

Answer 68

Start: 2 Ma End: 10 Ka

Question 69

When was the time of rapid global cooling when glaciers began to spread out?

Answer 69

the Pleistocene

Question 70

During the Pleistocene, glaciers have gone from covering___% of land to___% now.

Answer 70

- 30 | - 11

Question 71

What is the period at the end of the Protozoic?

Answer 71

the Edicaran

Question 72

What is the phrase to remember geological periods?

Answer 72

Combinations Of Strong Drinks Cause People To Jump Consequently Topping Quickly

Question 73

How many years ago did the last major ice age peak?

Answer 73

22 000 years ago

Question 74

What is the equator warmer?

Answer 74

because of the axis of spin (less surface area)

Question 75

What happens as layers of a glacier get compressed vertically?

Answer 75

Ice flows out and spreads out if it is not confined.

Question 76

What happens if glacial ice is confined (flow)?

Answer 76

It flows in one direction

Question 77

What can you use the O bubbles in glaciers to determine?

Answer 77

temp of air when it snowed

Question 78

What can you use the ice of a glacier to determine?

Answer 78

The temp of snow

Question 79

What can you use volcanic ash for with glaciers?

Answer 79

You can do K-Ar date