Mycology 2

Question 1

causes Sporotrichosis (subcutaneous mycosis)

Answer 1

Sporothrix schenckii

Question 2

where can you find Sporothrix schenckii fungus?

Answer 2

sphagnum moss, hay, plant materials, soil

Question 3

Sporothrix schenckii grows as this at ambient temperature; how does it grow at 37C?

Answer 3

branching septate hyphae (with single or clustered microcondia); elongated yeasts

Question 4

treatment for Sporothrix schenckii infection in cutaneous lesion

Answer 4

itraconazole or fluconazole

Question 5

treatment for Sporothrix schenckii infection for lymphocutaneous, pulmonary, disseminated disease

Answer 5

amphotericin B

Question 6

where is primary systemic mycosis initiated?

Answer 6

lung

Question 7

three fungi that cause primary mycosis infection

Answer 7

Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis

Question 8

inhalation of this causes San Joaquin Fever/Valley fever

Answer 8

Coccidioides immitis spores (Coccidioidomycosis)

Question 9

at ambient temperature…Coccidioides immitis (branching, septate, hyphae) forms these; what is formed at 37C?

Answer 9

arthrospores; spherules (containing endospores)

Question 10

patient will present with these symptoms in disseminated Coccidioidomycosis

Answer 10

sweating, dyspnea, fever, weight loss

Question 11

how long does it take for disseminated Coccidioidomycosis progress/occur

Answer 11

weeks-2 years

Question 12

risk factors for disseminated Coccidioidomycosis

Answer 12

advanced age, immunocompromised

Question 13

disseminated Coccidioidomycosis has predilection for these areas of body

Answer 13

skin, bone, joints, CNS

Question 14

where is Coccidioidomycosi endemic in USA?

Answer 14

Southern Texas, Arizona, California (desert soil…drought/rain enhance fungus dispersion, bat and rodent droppings enhance growth)

Question 15

most prevalent mycotic infection in humans and animals

Answer 15

Histoplasmosis

Question 16

two variations of Histoplasma capsulatum that cause histoplasmosis

Answer 16

capsulataum and duboisii

Question 17

Histoplasma capsulatum form these at ambient temperature (grow as branching, septate hyphae); how do they grow at 37C?

Answer 17

microcondia and tuberculae macrocondia; small ovoid budding yeast cells

Question 18

form of Histoplasma capsulatum in soil; what is inhaled by humans?

Answer 18

mycelial; conidia

Question 19

this causes Blastomycosis…dimorphic fungi

Answer 19

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Question 20

how does Blastomyces dermatitidis grow at ambient temperature? how does it grow at 37C?

Answer 20

septate hyaline hyphae, unbranched short conidiophores; budding yeast cells

Question 21

what does Blastomyces dermatitidis most commonly cause?

Answer 21

chronic granulomatous disease

Question 22

does Sporothrix schenckii have micro or macrocondia at ambient temp?

Answer 22

microcondia

Question 23

does Histoplasma capsulatum form micro or macrocondia?

Answer 23

microcondia and tuberculate macrocondia

Question 24

symptoms of Sporotrichosis appear this long after exposure to Sporothrix schenckii

Answer 24

1-12 weeks

Question 25

characterized by inflamed and pussy subcutaneous nodules that progress along lymphatic channels; what do these lesions eventually become?

Answer 25

lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis; ulcerations

Question 26

is caused by direct inoculation or haematogenous seeding of bones

Answer 26

osteoarticular sporotrichosis

Question 27

various infections sporotrichosis can manifest as

Answer 27

lymphocutaneous, pulmonary, osteoarticular, disseminated

Question 28

where is C. immitis found? what phase is located here?

Answer 28

soil; mycelial arthrospore

Question 29

when conditions become dry...C. immitis hyphase develop arhtrospores, that then dissemiinate to this (become airborne and viable for long time in soil)

Answer 29

arthrocondia

Question 30

phase of C. immitis in infected tissue (becomes this after entering human)

Answer 30

spherule endospore (continually open and release hundreds of endospore...which develops into new spherule)

Question 31

symptomatic respiratory syndrome (mild-flu like presentation) appears this amount of time after C. immitis infection

Answer 31

1-3 weeks (95% recover in a few weeks)

Question 32

5-8% of patients with primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis develop this...due to failure of immune defenses; what is most common form?

Answer 32

chronic coccidioidomycosis; cavity or nodule formation

Question 33

sign of disseminated disease of coccidioidomycosis...hypersenstivity reaction in subcutaneous tissue, appears at anterior surface of lower extremities commonly

Answer 33

erythema nodosum

Question 34

sign of disseminated disease of coccidioidomycosis...pink-red ring around pale center (Target lesion)

Answer 34

erythema multiforme

Question 35

signs of disseminated disease of coccidioidomycosis

Answer 35

skin rash, meningitis, migratory arthralgias

Question 36

presence of arthralgias, fever, and erythema nodosum

Answer 36

Desert Rheumatism

Question 37

form of C. immitis that is inhaled (deposited in terminal bronchiole)

Answer 37

arthroconidia

Question 38

in coccidioidomycosis...these react with complement to promote chemotaxis

Answer 38

spherules

Question 39

in coccidioidomycosis...these are engulfed by MP to initiate acute inflammation phase (if isn't cleared, will recruit more lymphocytes and granuloma will form)

Answer 39

endospores

Question 40

diagnosis for coccidioidomycosis

Answer 40

spherules in sputum, exudate, tissues in KOH

Question 41

mycelial phase antigen that can be used to detect Ab in coccidioidomycosis diagnosis

Answer 41

coccidioidin

Question 42

elevated levels of this is marker for disseminated, extrapulmonary disease

Answer 42

IgG

Question 43

treatments for coccidioidomycosis

Answer 43

oral fluconazole, itraconazole, AmB

Question 44

who are at risk for histo infection?

Answer 44

smokers, immunocompromised and children

Question 45

what may chronic pulmonary histo resemble?

Answer 45

pulmonary TB (coughing blood, fever, sweating, chest pain, shortness of breath)

Question 46

may see mouth sores and skin lesions in this form of histo

Answer 46

disseminated

Question 47

what form of histo is inhaled? where does this develop into yeast?

Answer 47

microconidia; alveolar MP

Question 48

men with this condition are susceptible for chronic pulmonary histo infection

Answer 48

emphysema

Question 49

can detect this antigen in blood, urine, or CSF for histo diagnosis

Answer 49

capsular antigen

Question 50

treatment for histoplasmosis

Answer 50

itraconazole and AmB

Question 51

this causes acute pulmonary mimic of bacterial TB (fever, dry cough, weight loss, chest pain, persistent cough)

Answer 51

Blastomycosis

Question 52

incubation period for Blastomyces dermatitidis

Answer 52

3 weeks-several months

Question 53

this causes blastomycosis

Answer 53

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Question 54

where does Blastomycosis skin infection appear (enlarging raised lesion with ulcercating center)?

Answer 54

face, hands, wrists, feet, ankles

Question 55

severe blood-borne Blastomycosis fungal lesions can occur here

Answer 55

bones, prostate gland, testes, kidneys

Question 56

most common involvement of Blastomycosis

Answer 56

pulmonary and cutaneous

Question 57

what parts of North America are affected by Blastomycosis (overlaps with histo)

Answer 57

Southeastern and south central states (follows Mississippi and Ohio rivers)

Question 58

how long does it take Blastomyces dermatitidis to develop colony on culture medium (at 37C)

Answer 58

2 weeks

Question 59

treatment for Blastomycosis

Answer 59

itraconazole, AmB, or fluconazole