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Parasitology & Mycology > Parasite 1 > Flashcards

Parasite 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

reproduce in the vertebrate host (i.e Protozoans)

A

microparasites

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2
Q

do not reproduce in the body (i.e Helminths)

A

macroparasites

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3
Q

performs asexual reproduction

A

trophozoite

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4
Q

characterizes transmission stage of parasite

A

cyst

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5
Q

site of sexual reproduction

A

definitive host

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6
Q

site of asexual reproduction

A

intermediate host

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7
Q

what is transmission for Entamoeba histolytica

A

fecal contamination/food/drink

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8
Q

causes dysentery…from contaminated food/drink

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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9
Q

mobile stage of Entamoeba histolytica (located in large intestine)…colonizes mucosa of large intestine; where can these also enter (to cause abscess)?

A

trophozoites; liver (R lobe typically…‘chocolatey center’)

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10
Q

stage of Entamoeba histolytica in small intestine

A

metacyst

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11
Q

pathogenesis: invade/erode cells, button-like ulcer, flask like ulcer, submucosa, blood vessels, liver/lungs

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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12
Q

are cysts produced in symptomatic or asymptomatic infection of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

asymptomatic (90% of infections)

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13
Q

how many days is Entamoeba histolytica cyst viable in cool conditions? how long in water?

A

12; 30

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14
Q

what is incubation period for Entamoeba histolytica

A

2-4 weeks

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15
Q

severe case of Entamoeba histolytica is due to these…causes fever, RUQ pain, enlarged liver (extra-intestinal)

A

ectopic lesions

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16
Q

modes of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica

A

night soil, venereal spread, poor plumbing, low chlorination, food handlers

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17
Q

where will cyst be found in Entamoeba histolytica? where will troph be found?

A

stool; diarrhea

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18
Q

what is treatment for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Metronidazole (tetracycline if bad side effects)

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19
Q

inhibitors of protein synthesis…could be given to treat all infections associated with Entamoeba histolytica

A

Iodoquinol or Paromomycin

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20
Q

characterized by flagella…two eyes looking back at you (8 flagella with 2 nuclei = troph)

A

Giardia lamblia

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21
Q

how do you acquire Giardia lamblia?

A

eating/drinking cyst

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22
Q

where do Giardia lamblia live?

A

surface of villi small intestine

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23
Q

what does Giardia lamblia interfere with?

A

absorption vitamin A and fat

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24
Q

are trophs or cysts found in feces of Giardia lamblia infection?

A

cysts

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25
what is typical length of symptoms of Giardia lamblia (50% asymptomatic)?
3 days -3 months
26
what are some of the most common symptoms of Giardia lamblia?
belching, diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, intestinal cramps
27
what is incubation of Giardia lamblia?
1-3 weeks
28
these are reservoir hosts for Giardia lamblia (contaminate mountain stream...why skiers in Vermont/Colorado are more susceptible)
dogs and muskrats
29
what is treatment for Giardia lamblia (should treat whole family and dog)?
Flagyl, Nitazoxanide (children), or Tinidazole
30
what is diagnosis of Giardia lamblia (with fluorescent Ab tag)?
troph/cyst in stool or diarrhea
31
how is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
sexual intercourse
32
intestinal flagellate...no cyst form, has toxic metabolites, degenerates vaginal epithelium and alkalizes vagina
Trichomonas vaginalis
33
what are symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis in females (50% females and all males are asymptomatic?
vaginitis, whitish discharge, reddish area (Strawberry cervix)
34
how do you diagnose Trichomonas vaginalis?
troph in UG secretion
35
what is treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Metronidazole, Tinidazole, vinegar douche
36
what is ingested in Cryptosporidium parvum transmission?
oocyst
37
where does Cryptosporidium parvum replicate?
epithelial cells intestine (respiratory in immunocompromised)
38
pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium parvum
coat microvilli (reduce absorptive surface)
39
how long does Cryptosporidium parvum symptoms (diarrhea) last?
1-10 days
40
major cause of water borne diarrhea...\*intestinal sporozoan\*...multiples in epithelial cells of intestine and secreted as oocysts in feces
Cryptosporidium parvum
41
what are the intestinal flagellates?
Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
42
parasite (similar to Cryptosporidium parvum) that causes watery diarrhea...was outbreak in Guatemalan raspberries; what is treatment?
Cyclospora; bactrim
43
how diagnose Cryptosporidium parvum
oocyst in feces (concentrated)
44
what is treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum?
Nitazoxanide (children), tx diarrhea (hydration, water/salt balance)
45
causes sleeping sickness; flagella with undulating membrane
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense
46
what transmits Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; what is infective form that is injected into host (25-58 days later)?
Tsetse fly; Metacyclic Trypomastigote
47
where does Metacyclic Trypomastigote undergo binary fission?
blood
48
how does Metacyclic Trypomastigote evade the host immune system?
antigenic variation (100 variations GP), immuno privileged site (CNS), suppress immune system
49
unique symptom to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense
Winterbottom's sign (swollen lymph nodes at base of neck)
50
how long does parasitemia (increase and decrease or parasites in blood) occur in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense before sleeping sickness?
2-3 weeks
51
how long does it take Trypanosoma brucei gambiense to move to CNS? how long does whole sequence (infection-fever-apathy-sleep-death) take?
1 year; 2-3 years
52
how long does it take Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense to move to CNS? how long does whole sequence take (infection-coma-death)?
1 month; 6-9 months
53
what is typical host for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
antelope
54
sleeping sickness in cattle
Nagana
55
how to diagnose Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense
parasite in blood/lymph/CSF
56
what is treatment for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense (\*but only before CNS affected...chemolymphatic stage\*); treatment after CNS if affected?
Suramin; Melarsoprol/Eflornithine (extremely toxic)
57
vector for Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatoma (kissing bugs)
58
blood/tissue flagellate...causes Chagas disease in South/Central America
Trypanosoma cruzi
59
what is infective form of Trypanosoma cruzi? how long does it take to reach this stage after vector infection?
metacyclic trypomastgote; 8-10 days
60
transmitted when vector defecates on skin....scratching at site will then spread/infect
Trypanosoma cruzi
61
what cells does Trypanosoma cruzi parasite get into? what is it transformed into once it enters cells?
spleen, liver, muscle/heart; amastigote
62
what does amastigote transform into in Trypanosoma cruzi infection (can then reproduce asexually)?
pseudocyst
63
how long does it take for Trypanosoma cruzi to enter tissue?
1-3 months
64
symptom of Trypanosoma cruzi (only 1/3 develop clinical disease)
Romanas sign (swelling around eye)
65
how long does acute stage of Trypanosoma cruzi last (fever, swollen glands, invading of many cells...potentially mortal in children)
4-6 weeks
66
what do most people with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection die from (20-30 years after infection)?
cardiac insufficiency (ruptures heart cells)
67
what are potential effects of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in GI?
megacolon, megaesophagus, flaccid/lose function
68
why isn't Chagas disease as important/prevalent in USA?
late defecating flies
69
diagnosis for Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)
Xenodiagnosis (parasite in blood..lab engineered bugs bite human, pick up parasite and concentrate, smush blood 3 weeks later to see if parasite present)
70
possible treatments for blood stage of Trypanosoma cruzi (not amastigotes...no effective drug treatment)
Benznidazole or Nifurtimox

Parasitology & Mycology (8 decks)

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