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Mycology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general properties of fungi?

A

Haploid eukaryotes
Thick cell wall composed of chitin,glucan
Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterol
2 basic morphologies: yeast and molds

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of yeasts?

A

Unicellular
Reproduce by budding or fission
Form pseudohyphae and germ tubes(candida albicans)

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of molds?

A 
Multicellular
Form mycelium and hyphae
Can be asexual or sexual 
Can be septate with or without clamp connections
Coenocytic hyphae
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of mold structure?

A

Form conidia (spores) which help fungi spread

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5
Q

What are the different mold structure?

A

Blastoconidia- buds
Sporangiospores in a sporangium- spores in a membrane
Conidiophores-free spores can be blow away by wind
Macroconidia
Microconidia
Chlyamydospore

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6
Q

What is the metabolism of fungi?

A

All fungi are free living and are pathogens
Live on preformed live/dead organic carbon
Can cause hypersensitivity (Chitin)
Ergosterol is the target for anti fungal
80S ribosomes are resistant to prokaryotic antibiotics

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7
Q

What are the major classes of fungal toxins?

A 
Aflatoxins (carcinogens)
Citrinin (nephrotoxin)
Ergot alkaloids (convulsive and gangrenous)
Fumonsins (carcinogens)
Ochratoxin (nephrotoxin)
Trichothecenes (bone marrow toxicity)
Stachybotryotoxins (neurotoxin)
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8
Q

What is an example of alfatoxins and disease?

A

Aspergillus

Acute liver and hepatocellular carcinoma

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9
Q

What is an example of citrinin and disease?

A

Penicillium and Aspergillus

Nephrotoxin such as yellow rice disease in Japan

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10
Q

What is an example of ergot alkaloids and disease?

A

Claviceps

Convulsive and gangrenous forms of disease

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11
Q

What is an example of fumonsins and disease?

A

Fusarium

Transient abdominal pain and diarrhea, esophageal cancer

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12
Q

What is an example of ochratoxin and disease?

A

Aspergillus and Penicilium

Balkan endemic nephropathy , renal tumors

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13
Q

What is an example of trichothecenes and diseases?

A

Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma, Cephalosporium
Gastointestinal hemorrhage and vomiting, direct contact causes dermatitis, moldy grain intoxication, red mold disease, alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA)

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14
Q

What is an example of stachybotryotoxins and diseases?

A

Stachybotrys
Contact dermatitis
Sick building syndrome

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15
Q

What is the characteristics of type 3 hypersensitivity?

A 
Due to inhalation of allergen
Causes pulmonary diseases such as:
bronchial asthma
Farmers lung
Byssinosis-cotton fungus
Pigeon fancier’s disease (feces)
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16
Q

what is the purpose of treatment with 10% potassium hydroxide?

A

When collecting a sample through scraping of the epidermis, there are a lot of human cells mixed with the fungi
Treatment allows destruction of the human cells to isolate fungi cells.

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17
Q

What are the positive staining to visualize fungi?

A 
Lactophenol cotton blue
Periodic acid Schiff 
Mucicarmine
Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver
Less effective are H&E and gram stain
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18
Q

What is the negative staining?

A

India ink is used

Especially for Cryptococcus neoformans

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19
Q

What are the fluorescent techniques?

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A

Fluorescent staining of chitin with Calcophor

Fluorescence under UV light (Wood’s lamp)

20
Q

How to culture fungi in lab?

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A

Sabouraud’s agar (low pH, high glucose) inhibits bacteria
Mycological agar (mycosel)-good for isolation of dermatophytes
Chloramphenicol inhibits bacteria
Cyclohexamide inhibits rapidly growing mold contaminants

21
Q

What are the ways the body fight off fungal diseases?

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A 
Body temperature of 37C
Transferrin for own  iron sequestration
Alkaline pH of skin
Skin fatty acid
Fungal disease occurred when innate resistance is compromised and are self limiting
22
Q

what are the classifications of fungal infections?

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A 
Superficial mycoses-outermost layer
Cutaneous mycoses-into epidermis
Subcutaneous mycoses
Systemic mycoses-usually start from lung
Opportunistic- involve IC patients
23
Q

What are the characteristics of superficial mycoses?

Study These Flashcards
A

Disease: pityriasis versicolor
Agent: Malassezia furfur
Symptoms: hypo or hyper pigmented macules
ID: hyphae and yeast like elements. «Spaghetti and meatballs»

24
Q

What are the agents of the cutaneous mycoses?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton 
Penetrate the keratinized skin, hair, nails
Disease: Tinea
Symptoms: Ringworm lesion
25
What are the sources of the cutaneous mycoses?
Anthropophilic- person to person, mild and chronic Zoophilic-animal to person, inflammatory and acute Geophilic- soil loving to person, severe
26
What are the characteristics of trichophyton?
Have numerous microconidia and rare macroconidia
27
What are the characteristics of microsporum?
Have numerous macroconidia and rare microconidia
28
What are the characteristics of epidermophyton?
Have only macroconidia and no microconidia
29
What are the diseases of the subcutaneous mycoses?
Sporotrichosis or Rose-grower’s disease Mycotic keratitis Initiated via skin or eye trauma
30
What are the characteristics of sporotrichosis or Rose- growers disease?
Agent:Sporothrix schenckii Symptoms: nodules and ulcers along lymphatics or fixed site of inoculation ID: budding, cigar shaped yeast @ 37C Rosette pattern @ 25 C
31
What are the agents of mycotic keratitis?
``` Fusarium Solani- Crescent shaped macroconidia Candida albicans (pseudohyphae) Alternaria species (unusual macroconidia) ```
32
What are the symptom of mycotic keratitis?
Raised corneal ulcers with occasional satellite lesions, plaques and hypopyon (pus in the anterior chamber)
33
What are the agents of systemic mycoses?
Histoplasma capsulatum causes histoplasmosis Blastomyces dermatidis causes North American blastomycosis Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis causes South American blastomycosis Coccidioides immitis causes Coccidioidomycosis
34
What are the characteristics of histoplasmosis?
Found along major midwest river valleys (Ohio, Mississippi) 5% affected with cough, chest pain, hoarseness resulting in acute or chronic progressive lung disease 95% contaminated calcification with no symptoms Rarely a primary skin disease, usually a secondary lesion in the skin
35
How to ID histoplasmosis?
@ 25C mold with tuberculate macroconidia @ 37C in vivo small yeast parasitic in a macrophage @ 37C in vitro yeast form in chains Buckshot appearance
36
What are the characteristics of North American blastomycosis?
Symptoms: Granulomatous and suppurative lesions of the lung with eventual skin lesions, resembles tuberculosis ID: Thick walled yeast with a broad base @ 37C Broad base budding yeast
37
What are the characteristics South American Blastomycosis?
Initial lung disease with metastasis to skin and many organs Long latency with positive skin test, restricted to central and South America ID: @ 25C septate hypha @ 37C yeast with multiple buds « Captain ship wheel »
38
What are the characteristics of coccidioidomycosis?
Flu like to disseminated due to delayed hypersensitivity Mostly in SW USA and Mexico ID: @ 37C spherule filled with endospores @ 25C septate hyphae with arthrospores Erythema nodosum (red bumps) common
39
What are some opportunistic infections?
``` Candidiasis caused by C. Albicans, C. Glabrata Cryptococcosis by C. Neoformans Pneumocystis pneumonia by P.jiroveci Aspergilosis by A. Fumigatus Mucomycosis by Rhizopus, absidia, Mucor Microspora by Enterocytozoon bienusi ```
40
What are the symptoms of candidiasis?
Itchy white patches of creamy or cheesy growth in the mouth, vagina, esophagus, urethritis (burning while urinating) Occurred worldwide and associated with AIDS, diabetes, IC host
41
How to ID candidiasis?
C. Albicans produced germ tubes in serum | All other candida produced pseudohyphae and chlamydospores when grown on corn meal agar
42
What are the characteristics of the crytococcosis?
Mild lung infection followed by skin lesion and meningitis ID: yeast with a large capsule (C. Neoformans only yeast producing capsule) India ink stain
43
What are the characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia?
Common childhood infection reactivated in AIDS patients | ID: Characteristics cysts with cup forms and dot like cyst wall thickenings in lung with methenamine silver stain
44
What are the characteristics of Aspergillosis?
Disease in IC patients, fungus ball in the paranasal sinus, lung or brain ID: hyphae with acute angles Mold with septate, multinucleate mycelium with a coenocytic, rough conidiophore
45
What are the characteristics of mucormycosis,zygomycosis?
Diabetes associated Fungus ball in eyes, sinus, lung leading to necrosis ID: hyphal forms
46
What are the characteristics of microspora , microsporidia?
Slim disease AIDS associated chronic diarrhea Spores seen by gram staining urine, CSF

Microbiology (8 decks)

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