Mycology Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Macroconidia or microconidia: Blastmycoses?
A
microconidia
2
Q
Macro or microconidia: Histoplasmosis?
A
microconidia
3
Q
Macro or microoconidia: Dermatophytes?
A
both
4
Q
What is the infectivity of dimorphic fungi?
A
microconidia produced by mycelial form in the soil
5
Q
What are the 5 primary forms of blasto?
A
- pulmonary
- ocular
- skin lesions
- bone
- genitourinary
6
Q
What is the best way to make a definitive diagnosis of any fungal disease?
A
demonstration of the organism
7
Q
Which fungal agents make a capsule?
A
Cryptococcus neoformans
8
Q
Location and host for Cryptococcus neoformans:
A
GI tract; birds
9
Q
Location and host for intestinal aspergillosis?
A
intestine; calves, foals, cats
10
Q
Location of histplasmosis?
A
Has a GI form
11
Q
Location and host for Pythium?
A
GI; horses and dogs
12
Q
Is Histoplasmosis in birds or bats?
A
NO. In soil with their feces
13
Q
IS Cryptococcus in birds or bats?
A
In birds (GI tract)
14
Q
What does Histoplasmosis look microscopically?
A
has hyaline septate hyphae, microconidia, and larger diagnostically characteristic tuberculated macroconidia
15
Q
They are the smallest yeast cells of the major fungal diseases and are the only ones that grow exclusively intracellularly.
A
Histoplasmosis
16
Q
Very common here. Mississippi and Ohio river basins and central Atlantic states. Common in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Not worldwide.
A
Blastomycosis
17
Q
Worldwide. Major endemic area of US is Eastern US, North-eastern US, MS river valley basin, and Great Lakes.
A
Histoplasmosis
18
Q
Limited to the SW US:
A
Coccidioidomycosis
19
Q
Worldwide, but most common in tropics.
A
Sporotrichosis
20
Q
What is the defining feature of the Zygomycota?
A
coenocytic hyphae
21
Q
What are the different diseases produced by Zygomycetes?
A
- mycotic ruminitis
- mycotic placentitis
- subcutaneous granulomas
22
Q
What is the infectious particle for pythium?
A
motile biflagellated spores
23
Q
What agents are sensitive to cycloheximide?
A
- zygomycetes
- cryptococcus
- dermatophytes
- most saprophytic fungi
24
Q
What are the diagnostic tests for Crypto?
A
- direct exam. of smears from exudates
- culture
- immunodiagnosis (best)
25
Causes lesions on the skin, usually in rings but not always.
Dematophytes
26
Eye involvement is common (mostly in cats, but some in dogs).
Cryptococcus
27
Produces mastitis in cattle:
Cryptococcus
28
Ulcerative lesions of the nose, mouth sinuses, and pharynx are common:
Cryptococcus
29
Usually localizes in the CNS
Cryptococcus
30
In birds - lesions involve the mouth, crop, proventriculus, and gizzard, consisting of white circular paths or white elongated areas along the folds of the mucosa.
Candidas
31
In cattle - causes dyspnea, pneumonia, nasal discharge, diarrhea, wasting. Mastiting, abortion, and ruminitis can occur.
Candidas
32
Piglets - pseudomemebrane on the tongue, esophagus, and stomach causing vomiting and rapid wasting.
Candidas
33
In dogs and cats - skin issues, ear infection, pyodermas.
Candidas
34
Only species to form part of the normal human and animal cutaneous commensal flora.
Mallasseia pachydermitis
35
Causes several cutaneoous diseases, systemic disease in suitably predisposed humans, and dermatitis in a wide range of animals:
Mallasseia pachydermitis
36
Chronic otitis extern and pododermatitis of dogs:
Mallasseia pachydermitis
37
Avian - diffuse infection of air sacs. Diffuse pneumonic form. Nodular pneumonic form known as brooder pneumonia:
Aspergillosis
38
Cattle - uterine, placental, or fetal skin infections may result in abortion. Mastitis can occur
Aspergillosis
39
Equine - abortions and guttural pouch infections. Eye infections are serious.
Aspergillosis
40
Dogs - nasal aspergillosis. Osteomyelitis is a common finding
Aspergillosis
41
Penguins - pneumonia when housed inadequately
Aspergillosis
42
In what species does intestinal aspergillosis occur in?
calves, foals, and cats
43
Mycotic ruminitis in calves caused by Absidia, Rhizopus, Mucor, or Rhizomucor
Zygomycetes - Order Mucorales
44
Mycotic placentitis in cows caused by Mucor and Mortierella.
Zygomycetes - Order Mucorales
45
Subcutaneous granulomas in dogs by Absidia, Cunninghamella, Syncephalastrum spp.:
Zygomycetes - Order Mucorales
46
Which fungal species causes mycotic placentitis?
Zygomycetes (Order Mucorales) Mucor and Morierella
47
Conidiobolus coronatus infect mucocutaneous site to produce sinusitis, nasopharyngitis or upper respiratory disease in horses.
Zygomycetes - Order Entomophthales
48
Basidiobolus ranrum infections occur as SQ mycosis of the trunk and extremities in cattle horses.
Zygomycetes - Order Entomophthales
49
What are the common symptoms of the pulmonary form of Blastomycosis?
1. chronic respiratory issues
2. weight loss
3. fever
4. cough and dyspnea
5. ocular problems
6. lameness
7. lymphadenopathy
8. "snow storm" in lungs
50
What are the common symptoms for the ocular form of blastomycosis?
1. uveitis
2. panophthalmitis
3. Glaucoma
4. acute retinal detachment
51
What are the common symptoms for the skin lesions produced by blastomycosis?
1. found with pulmonary form
2. granulomatous nodules and draining tracts
3. pyogranulomatous response
4. greasy exudate and matted hair around an area of ulcerated skin
52
What are the common symptoms for the bone lesions associated with blastomycosis?
1. lameness
2. invades osseous tissues
3. concurrent lymphadenopathy
4. Rads - osteolytic lesions at ends of long bones
53
What are the common symptoms for the genitourinary form of blastomycosis?
1. prostatis
| 2. hematuria, pyruia
54
What are the most common symptoms associated with histo in cats?
respiratory
55
What are the most common symptoms associated with histo in dogs?
GI
56
Which fungal disease is associated with cough and/or chronic diarrhea (may be bloody with mucus), weight loss, anorexia, fever, anemia, peripheral lymphadenopathy? The GI form is often seen in combination with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
Histoplasmosis
57
Which fungal disease is associated with emaciation, muscle atrophy, debilitation, painful bones and joints, lameness, skin infections, etc.?
Coccidiomycosis
58
Lesions are confined to the skin and SQ tissue as nodules or granulomas which may spread along lymphatics and often ulcerate and drain
Sporotrichosis
59
Systemic dissemination is rare but may spread to bones or internal organs and pylmonary disease is rare
Sporotrichosis
60
What are the GI signs associated with Pythium?
1. vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
2. A firm abdominal mass
3. thickened stomach wall
4. In horses, the lesions are granulomatous, fistulated and/or ulcerated
61
What are the hosts and reservoirs for zoophilic dermatophytes?
animals
62
What is the reservoir for geophilic dermatophytes?
soil
63
Know which animals amplify Sporotrichosis so that when they introduce it back into the environment it causes false zoonosis.
Cats
64
What type f tissue is invaded by the dermatophytes?
only non-viable keratinous tissue
65
How far do dermatophytes grow down into the hair follicle?
Grow down to the Adamson's fringe, a zone just above the area of keratin synthesis based on association of the dermal papillae with the hair bulb.
66
Dermatophyte that is zoophilic and in dogs, cats, and horses?
Microsporum canis
67
Dermatophytes that is geophilic and in dogs and horses:
Microsporum gypseum
68
Dermatophytes that is ubiquitous and in dogs, horses, and lab animals:
Trichyophyton mentagrophytes
69
Quickest, easiest, simply, most reliable way to identify fungi.
direct examination of the fungus
70
What stain do you use for dermatophytes?
PAS stain
71
What stain do you use for Cryptococcus?
India ink (shows capsule)
72
What are the two "big" stains?
PAS, GMS
73
What type of fungus do you not culture?
dimorphs
74
List off the dimorphic fungi (4):
1. blastomycosis
2. histoplasmosis
3. coccidioidomycosis
4. sporotrichosis
75
What agent is associated with nasopharyngitis in horses?
Conidiobolus coronatus (A zygomycete that infects mucocutaneous site to produce nasopharyngitis in horses.)
76
Which fungi get in the eyes of animals?
- pythium
- cryptococcus
- blastomycosis
(Hard to diagnose, hard to treat)
77
Brooder pneumonia in chickens is caused by:
Aspergillosis fumigatus
78
Inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis via inhibition of squalene epoxidase
terbinafine
79
inhibits fungal protein synthesis by replacing uracil with 5-fluouracil in fungal RNA
flucytosine
80
Inhibits thymidylate synthetase via 5-fluorodeoxy-uridine monophosphate and interferes with DNA synthesis
flucytosine
81
Inhibition of cytochrome P450. Stops creation of ergosterol.
Fluconazole, itraconazole, ketaconazole
82
Blocks synthesis of a major fungal cell wall component, 1-3-beta-D-glucan:
- caspofungin
- micafungin
- anidulafungin
83
Binds to sterols (mainly ergosterol) and disrupts osmotic integrity of the fungal membrane. This results in leakage of intracellular K, Mg, sugars, and metabolisms and eventually cell death.
Amphotericin B
84
Inhibits fungal mitosis by disrupting the mitotic spingle through interaction with polymerized microtubules
griseofulvin
85
Know the treatment for Pythium.
There is no treatment. Surgical removal may be attempted but is non-successful.
86
What causes pseudomembrane on the tongue, esophagus, and stomach causing vomiting and rapid wasting in piglets:
Candida
