Mycology

Question 1

fungi, generally

Answer 1

eumycota

Question 2

process of gaining nutrition through absoption rather than ingestion

Answer 2

absorptive nutrition

Question 3

the process of fungal gorwth by formation of hyphae

Answer 3

hyphal growth

Question 4

long branching stucture made up of hyphae

Answer 4

mycelium (pl.mycelia)

Question 5

a reproductive unit of some fungi

Answer 5

conidia

Question 6

multinucleated cell where the nuclei came from genetically distint individuals

Answer 6

heterokaryon

Question 7

infection caused by the fungi

Answer 7

-iasis

Question 8

disease caused by the fungi

Answer 8

-mycosis

Question 9

what arethe two forms of fungus?

Answer 9

1. filamentous molds
2. unicellular yeast

Question 10

A drug was made to target chitin, glucan and mannan. What is this drug targeting?

Answer 10

cell wall of fungus

Question 11

a drug was designed to target ergosterol, what is this structure?

Answer 11

Plasma membrane of fungus

Question 12

how do fungus eat?

Answer 12

absorptive nutrition- fungis cell walls cannot break apart, so they send out digestive enzymes and absorb the broken down products.

Question 13

what are the two phases for fungus?

Answer 13

vegitative-reproductive

absorbing-spreading

Question 14

a drug destroys the calcium gradient and k+ uptake proteins in a fungus What is affected?

Answer 14

Hyphal gorwth(hyphal extension)- vesicles from the golgi fuse to the cell membrane to allow expansion. The turgor pressure allows the fungus to penetrate tough material such as wood.

Turgor pressure is regulated by H+ export and K+ uptake. Ca 2+ released by the ER and mitochondria induces vesicles to fuse and to expand the plasma membrane at the growing tip.

Question 15

correlate hyphal growth and nutrient uptake

Answer 15

Question 16

a drug targets the destruction of hyphal tips, what is affected?

Answer 16

the hyphal growth uses the tips to elongate. The absroptive zone is nearest to the hyphal tip.

the molds can have hypha that are septate(shown in photo) or nonsepate

• the septa forms to partially compartmentalize the cytoplasm

Question 17

aspergillus and penicillin aka

Answer 17

fillamentous fungi called molds

Question 18

What is a coenocytic species?

Answer 18

multinucleate species that can grow with out undergoing cytokinesis.

these lack septa. compared to the septate hyphae in the photo

Question 19

single extension on the fungus, location os growth vs characteristic, round fuzzy colony

Answer 19

hypha

mycelium-form the characteristic round, fuzzy colony of fungus

Question 20

describe the reproduction cycle of aspergillis

Answer 20

Question 21

A drug targets the CAT of spore/conidia germination. Explain

Answer 21

Conidial anastomosis tubes- fusion between conidia and conidial germlings .

wider the germlings are growing away from eachother. Most CATs are formed directly fron conidia but some also form germ tubes.

Question 22

after observing arthrospores under the microscope sample, the doctor determined that it was a ___

Answer 22

fungus,

athrospores -section of hyphae break off at septa.

Coccoidioides replicates in this manner

Question 23

a dermatophyte that lives on the skin

Answer 23

tinea pedis(athletes foot), Trichophyton rubruum( ringworm- live on cats ),

Question 24

a sample shows a sprangia, what could it be from if it was growing on bread?

Answer 24

Sporangia- (spherules and endorspores) -asexual spore structures from rhizopus (bread mold) or from zygomycetes

Question 25

nonmycelial fungus

Answer 25

yeasts

Question 26

reporduce by budding

Answer 26

yeast cells reproducing by nuclear fission and by blastoconidia formation. The elongatio nof budding yeast cells to for mpseudohyphae.. daughter cells are called blastoconidium

Question 27

the life cycle of a mold may have a sexual or asexual moments. What is common when nutrients are low?

Answer 27

fungal reproduction- sexual 1. called ***_telomorph_*** 2. reproductive structure are spores 3. occurs by meiosis 4. common when nutrients are low 5. occurs in fruiting bodies 1. hyphae of mating types come togeher and fuse 1. ***_heterokaryon_*** 2. dikaryotic - expresses the repoduction where the two nuclei remain seperate. 3. synkaryon- fusion of cells with a single nucleus- can include 1. reversion of phenotype 2. transdifferentiation 3. proliferation 6. this process looses genetic information

Question 28

under observation a dimorphic fungi can grow.... Body, Heat,Can, Change, Shape

Answer 28

with limited resources, these fungi grow as filamentous molds. blastomyces, histoplasma, candidiasis, coccidioides, sporothrix I added candidiasis, because it enters the mouth and/or vagina as a yeast and then becomes a filamentousm old

Question 29

which fungi are pathogenic?

Answer 29

there are ***_no nonpathogenic_*** fungi. All species can cause opportunistic infection in at least some species

Question 30

what infetions do these generate? * malassezia furfur * tineas-ringworm * sporothrix schenckii

Answer 30

non-systemic infections

Question 31

what infections do these generate? * histoplasma capsulatum * coccidioides immitis * blastomuces dermatitidis

Answer 31

systemic infections

Question 32

what type infection do these cause? * aspergillus fumigatus * candida albicans * cryptococcus neoformans * mucor, rhizopus and absidia (zygomycophyta) * pneumocystis jirovecii

Question 33

disscoloration of depigmentation/scaling of the skin-

Answer 33

pityriasis versicolor- malassezia furfur

Question 34

brown-black pigmented patches primarily on palms or soles of the feet

Answer 34

tinea nigra-phaeoannellomyces- superficial

Question 35

nodules of hyphar enxompassing the hair shaftt- black or white= superficial

Answer 35

black and white piedra

Question 36

ring like patches of the skin

Answer 36

tinea corporis- ring worm of thick skin=superficial

Question 37

skin fungal infection nail fungal infection

Answer 37

dermatophytosis onychomychosis

Question 38

how does the coccidioidesspecies enter the enviornment? Wht happens when in humans?

Answer 38

hyphae differentiate into arthroconidia break off of hyphae and enter the enviornment: suspended in air. in human host, the arthroconidia develop into huge spherules, ruturing and releaseing endospores

Question 39

#1 opportunistic fungal infection

Answer 39

candida albicans

Question 40

describge the sub cutaneous mycoses

Answer 40

sprothirix schenckii-single draining lesion-leads to lymphatic chryomoblastomycosis-chronic and develops over months or years with leasions apearing as verucous nodules eumycotic mycetomas-swelling with exudate draining to the skin surface or throug hthe sinus tracts

Question 41

what can cause a systemic infrction.

Answer 41

histoplasma, coccidioides, and blastomyces, asperfillus any fungal infetion can become systemic in an immuncompromised host

Question 42

every fungal infection in an immuncompromised person should be tightly monitored. why, compared to immun sufficient person?

Answer 42

any fungal infection can becom ***_systemic_*** in an immuncompromised person

Question 43

propose the mechanism for thrush

Answer 43

mucosal candidiasis-thrush/vaginal candidiasis fibronectin binding on epithelial cell. proteinase activity and hyphae formation, digging into extracellular matrix. candida hyphae generate a toxin that is neutralized by intact immune system

Question 44

describe the coccoidioides life cycle

Answer 44

arthroconidia inhaled from enviornment. spherule develops cleavage planes, mature spherule releases 100;s of endospor

Question 45

What is the fungal diversity with respect to the skin?

Answer 45

specific to the region: head, arm, toros, foot

Question 46

True or false all fungi are pathogenic?

Answer 46

false, most fungi are involved in decomposition. but, some contribute to human health through symbiotic and pathogenic functions

Question 47

List the non non-systemic fungi and region of infection- 6 total

Answer 47

1. malessezia furfur*_-superficial_* 2. tineas nigira-*_superficial_* 3. piedra(white/black)-*_superficial_* 4. Tineas-ringworm-**Q** 5. Sporothrix schenckii(dimorphic)-**subQ** 6. eumycotic mycetomas-**subQ**

Question 48

list the systemic infections, what is important about the three?

Answer 48

they are all dimorphic fungi 1. Blastomyces 2. histoplasma 3. coccoidioides

Question 49

A patient presents with myalgias and fever. upon a few days in the hospital a sever lung problem is monitored, cavities have formed in his lungs. What could the species be?

Answer 49

Coccoidioides 1. primary-resolves with out intervention 2. symptomatic disease 1. fever, myalgia, cough \>6+weeks 3. progressive (secondary) disease 1. sever lung problems 1. cavities in the lungs

Question 50

a patient is complaining of itching, burning in the vaginal region. Upon inspection, a white discharge is seen. What could the species, infection type be? what population is susceptible to other disease of this kind?

Answer 50

this is an opportunistic infection of candida- candidiasis.