Mycology Exam 1 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Long strands of tubelike structures. Made of chitin.
A
Hyphae
2
Q
mat or growth of many hyphae
A
Mycelia
3
Q
Mycelia growing above the agar
A
Aerial
4
Q
Mycelia growing down into agar to obtain nutrients
A
Vegitative
5
Q
Transverse subdivision of cells in hyphae
A
Septation
6
Q
Lack of subdivision of cells in hyphae
A
Aseptate or “Sparsely Septate”
7
Q
Dimorphic
A
a fungus that lives as a mold in the environment but as a yeast at body temp
8
Q
Swollen structure at the end of conidiophore
A
Vesicle
9
Q
flask-shaped segments which produce conidia
A
Phialides
10
Q
Small, unicellular, round; borne on side of hyphal strand
A
Microconidia
11
Q
Large, multiseptate, club of spindle-shaped; borne on conidiophore
A
Macroconidia
12
Q
Budding forms produced by yeast
A
blastospores/blastoconidia
13
Q
elongated blastoconidia that remain attached
A
Pseudohyphae
14
Q
round, thick-walled resistant spores observed at the hyphal tip, on sides of hyphae, or within hyphal strand
A
Chlamydospores/chlamydoconidia. Associated with Candida albicans
15
Q
Spores formed directly from hyphae by fragmentation of the points of septation
A
Arthrospores/arthroconidia
16
Q
Formed by sexual reproduction by the fusion of 2 nuclei into a zygote
A
Ascospore
17
Q
Hyphae and conidia appear clear or colorless
A
Hyaline
18
Q
Hyphae and conidia appear dark brown due to melanin production
A
Dematiaceous
19
Q
Asexual form of a fungus
A
Anamorph
20
Q
Sexual form of a fungus with structures like ascospores or cleistothecia
A
Teleomorph
21
Q
Primary routine media for fungi
A
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SAB)
22
Q
Primary media for isolating Histoplasma and Blastomyces
A
Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHI)
23
Q
Primary media for recovering dermatophytes
A
Mycosel agar
24
Q
What major difference is there between fungal and bacterial culture media?
A
Fungi use screw-cap tubes instead of plates to limit spore disseminations. Cap is kept semi-loose to allow them some O2.
25
Soap-like substance in media to differentiate yeast
Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80
26
Used to identify Cryptococcus neoformans. Turns deep brown to maroon if positive.
Niger Seed Agar (Birdseed Agar)
27
Used to stimulate sporulation of dermatophytes and pigment production
Potato Dextrose Agar
28
Media turns red if dermatophyte, can differentiate fungal infection from eczema
Dermatophyte Test Medium (i.e. Acuderm)
29
Urea Agar
helps differentiate several yeast and mold species
30
Fungal Culture growth conditions
30C for four weeks
31
Lactophenol cotton blue
Phenol kills fungi, cotton blue stains fruiting bodies and hyphae. Used for wet mount.
32
Modified Acid-Fast Stain
Used to ID Actinomycetes. Nocardia is positive. Uses a milder decolorizer than Acid Fast
33
10% KOH prep
Dissolves hair, nails, and skin, makes fungi more visible. Results are "yeast", "mycelium", or "none".
34
India Ink Prep
Used to detect capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans, usually in CSF
35
Calcofluor white
Fluorescent stain that is taken up by chitin, requires fluorescent microscope
36
Macro: Rapid grower, bluish-green with white apron. Colorless reverse.
Micro: chains of spherical conidia on brush-like phialides
Penicillium
37
Macro: Rapid grower. Olive to pink or white. Off-white reverse.
Micro: Hyaline, septate, branched (spread out) conidiophores, chains of oval conidia
Paecilomyces
38
Macro: Rapid grower. Light brown and powdery (like cinnamon) with tan periphery. Tan reverse.
Micro: Large, thick-walled, round, spiny (echinulate)
Scopulariopsis
39
Macro: Rapid grower. White, yellow, rose, or gray. Yellow or pinkish reverse.
Micro: Think, delicate hyphae. Conidia in 1-2 cell clusters like sticky rice.
Acremonium
40
Macro: Rapid grower. Wooly, white to pink purple or brown. Light reverse.
Micro: Large canoe-shaped macroconidia AND small 1-2 cell clusters resembling sticky rice.
Fusarium
41
Macro: Rapid grower. Wooly, white to pink or green. White reverse.
Micro: spherical conidia in clusters at the phialide tips
Gliocladium
42
Macro: Rapid grower. White with concentric green rings.
Micro: Flask-shaped phialides with round, single celled and clustered conidia
Trichoderma
43
Macro: Yellow or white
Micro: Large round, knobby conidia (look like viruses)
Sepedonium
44
Macro: White to pale pinkish. White reverse.
Micro: Small, thin, and delicate single-celled conidia on flask-shaped conidiophores
Beauveria
45
Macro: White, yellow, or pink.
Micro: Septate and hyaline hyphae. Single-celled conidia directly on hyphae.
Chrysosporium
46
Macro: white yellow, beige, orange, or brownish. Granular to cottony.
Micro: Septate and hyaline hyphae. No conidiophores, arthroconidia alternating with empty cells.
Malbranchea
47
Macro: Wooly, dark gray green like a sweater. Black reverse.
Micro: Dark hyphae are septate, large club-shaped conidia like chicken legs
Alternaria
48
Macro: Grey-green, dark brown. Black reverse.
Micro: Thick walled conidia have 3-5 chambers with transverse septations
Bipolaris
49
Macro: Dark gray to black and cottony. Black reverse.
Micro: Large, dark club-shaped conidia with transverse septations
Helminthosporium
50
Macro: Rapid grower. Green-brown and suede-like. Black reverse.
Micro: Chains of oval conidia in brush-like clusters. Free conidia have dark attachment scars.
Cladosporium
51
Macro: Dark olive green to brown or black. Black reverse.
Micro: Swelling of central cell in 4-cell conidia cause "boomerang" appearance
Curvularia
52
Macro: Dark brown to black, cottony. Black reverse.
Micro: Septations within circular conidia are transverse and longitudinal
Ulocladium
53
Macro: Cottony white to tan. Orange-tan to brown or black reverse.
Micro: Septate with large, round perithecia. Tentacle-like filaments rupture to release ascospores
Chaetomium
54
Macro: Powdery grayish-brown or greenish. Brown to black reverse. Can diffuse red-brown pigment.
Micro: Large fruiting bodies called pycnidia. Openings through which conidia are released.
Phoma
55
Macro: Black, sludgy with gray fringe. Black reverse.
Micro: Young colonies produce yeast-like cells.
Aureobasidium pullulans
56
Macro: White, cottony, turns black with age.
Micro: Dark, oval, single celled conidia in clusters
Produces mycotoxins, "sick building syndrome"
Stachybotrys
57
What is the difference between sporangia and conidia?
Conidia are "naked" spores, sporangia is a sac-like structure and spores burst out
58
Root-like mycelium structures
Rhizoids
59
Macro: Lid lifter. Wooly, grayish
Micro: Hyaline, wide, aseptate. Rare rhizoids appear internodally between sporangiophores
Lichtheimia complex (Absidia)
60
Macro: Lid lifter. Wooly, gray to brown
Micro: Hyaline, aseptate. Large, round, branched sporangia. No rhizoids form.
Mucor
61
Macro: Lid lifter. Wooly, white to gray or brown
Micro: Hyaline, aseptate, unbranched sporangia with "collapsed umbrella" appearance. Nodal rhizoids.
Rhizopus
62
Macro: Lid lifter. White, fluffy that turns gray to black.
Micro: Broad, hyaline, aseptate. "Daisy-head" appearance with cylindrical mesosporangia
Syncephalastrum
63
Macro: Lid lifter.
Micro: Long branched sporangiophore ending with swollen vesicle. Spine-like denticIes with round sporangioles
Cunninghamella
64
Macro: Lid lifter.
Micro: Inward-curving sporangiophores encrusted with calcium oxalate
Circinella
65
Aspergillus - Common Characteristics
- Rapid grower
- Hyaline
- Produce Foot Cell
66
Macro: Grey-green with white apron. Pretty.
Micro: club-shaped vesicle, uniseriate phialides over upper 2/3 bearing long chains of conidia
Aspergillus fumigatus
67
Macro: Powdery, coarse, black, granular
Micro: Jet black conidia
Aspergillus niger
68
Macro: Yellow-green or yellow brown
Micro: Conidia cover entire surface of vesicle like a dandelion gone to seed
Aspergillus flavus
69
Macro: Rapid grower with cinnamon brown surface
Micro: small dome shaped vesicle, biseriate covering upper portion of vesicle
Aspergillus terreus
70
Macro: Rapid grower, green or tan colonies. Possible red exudate.
Micro: Reduced conidial heads resemble Penicillium
Aspergillus versicolor
71
Macro: green with white apron
Micro: Q-tip appearance of vesicles
Aspergillus clavatus
72
Macro: Thermally dimorphic fungi
Micro: Yeast phase forms sausage-shaped cells. Red diffusible pigment.
Penicillium marneffei
73
Tinea pedis
athlete's foot
74
Tinea unguium
infection of the nails
75
Tinea corporis
ringworm
76
Tinea barbae
Barber's itch, infection of the bearded areas of face and neck
77
Tinea capitis
ringworm of the scalp
78
Tinea favosa (favus)
chronic ringworm of the scalp causing scarring and baldness. Growth of cup-shaped crusts called scutula
79
Tinea cruris
jock itch
80
Tinea versicolor
Brownish skin discoloration of the chest and back that fluoresces under the Wood's lamp
81
Common causative organism of Tinea versicolor, "spaghetti and meatballs" on 10% KOH stain
Malassezia furfur
82
Tinea nigra
Darkening of the palms of hands and feet
83
Common cause of Tinea nigra, dematiaceous branched hyphae on 10% KOH stain
Exophiala werneckii
84
Black piedra
stony, hard nodules along hair shaft (often scalp)
85
White piedra
Soft, light nodules along hair shaft (often beard and mustache)
86
Common cause of black piedra. Slow growing black to greenish-black colonies.
Piedraia hortae
87
Common cause of white piedra. Hyaline, septate hyphae with arthrospores. Yeast-like wrinkled, rubbery looking colony with true and pseudohyphae.
Trichosporon beigelii
88
Microsporum can infect
skin and hair
89
Trichophyton can infect
skin, hair, and nails
90
Epidermophyton can infect
skin and nails
91
Macro: khaki, membranous colonies.
Micro: Thin, septate, hyaline hyphae. Large, thick-walled macroconidia with 2-6 cells in "beaver tail" cluster. No microconidia.
Epidermophyton floccosum
92
Macro: Slow growing, white, fluffy, featureless
Micro: No micro or macroconidia. Favic chandeliers present
Microsporum audouinii
93
Macro: Rapid growing, wooly, white to yellow, yellow reverse.
Micro: Spindle-shaped echinulate macroconidia with >6 compartments. Can have beak-like end. Some small club-shaped microconidia.
Microsporum canis
94
Macro: Rapid growing, beige, granular with irregular border. Cinnamon brown reverse.
Micro: Ellipsoidal, thin-walled macroconidia with 6-9 cells. Club-shaped microconidia.
Microsporum gypseum
95
Common characteristics of Microsporum species
- Thick-walled macroconidia with spiny surfaces
- Few microconidia
- Ectothrix infections
- Fluoresces under Wood's lamp
96
Common characteristics of Trichophyton species
- Many microconidia
- Pencil-shaped macroconidia
- Endothrix and ectothrix infections
97
Macro: Slow growing, white, cottony to grainy
Micro: Clusters of round microconidia, cigar-shaped macroconidia with <6 cells, possible spiral hyphae.
Special tests: Positive for hair penetration and urease
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
98
Macro: Slow growing, white sometimes with red pigment. Wine-red reverse.
Micro: Oval microconidia directly on hyphae like "birds on a wire". Possible spiral hyphae.
Special tests: Negative for hair penetration and urease.
Trichophyton rubrum
99
Macro: Slow growing
MIcro: Club-shaped microconidia directly on hyphae. Intercalary and terminal chlamydospores.
Trichophyton tonsurans
100
Drug classes used to treat fungi
- Polyenes
- Azoles (usually best)
- Candins
