Mycology - Exam 3

Question 1

fungi characteristics

Answer 1

no chlorophyll/photosynthesis, nucleus (eukary), produces spores, cellulose, chitin, reproduction: asexual (imperfect), sexual (perfect), heterotrophs (aerobic & facultative anaerobic)

Question 2

beneficial effects of fungi

Answer 2

decomposition, biosynthetic factories, antibiotics, model organisms, recombinant DNA technology, edible, nutritional supplements, flavor, alkaloids, malaria control

Question 3

harmful effects of fungi

Answer 3

destruction, diseases, toxins, spoilage, damage

Question 4

fruit rot is also called

Answer 4

botrytis

Question 5

fungi can also be biocontrol agents against insect pests

Answer 5

white muscardine disease

Question 6

3 types of poisonous mushrooms

Answer 6

death cap, liberty cap “magic mushroom”, fly agaric

Question 7

fungi rigid cell wall contains

Answer 7

glucan, mannan, chitin; sterols, 80s ribosomes

Question 8

most common body structures are

Answer 8

multicellular filaments (mold) and single cells (yeast)

Question 9

dimorphic shape means

Answer 9

both mold & yeast

Question 10

mold: vegetative mycelium

Answer 10

inside, provides support, absorbs nutrients

Question 11

mold: aerial/reproductive mycelium

Answer 11

support the fruiting bodies/reproductive structures

Question 12

thallus/mycelia: what are the 2 types of hyphae within it

Answer 12

septate & non septate

Question 13

hyphae

Answer 13

long filaments of cells joined together

Question 14

yeast structure

Answer 14

nonfilamentous, unicellular, spherical, oval, budding

Question 15

what are pseudohyphae

Answer 15

when yeast buds fail to detach

Question 16

dimorphic fungi change from

Answer 16

mycelial form to yeast due to temperature shifts

Question 17

sexual reproduction

Answer 17

2 haploids, meiosis

Question 18

asexual reproduction

Answer 18

most common, effective, mitosis, sporulation, fragmentation, budding, gametangium

Question 19

example of a pathogenic fungi

Answer 19

ringworm

Question 20

opportunistic fungi

Answer 20

seldom cause disease unless something is underlying allows for it to happen

Question 21

in the parasitic state, only ________________ are seen

Answer 21

hyphae & arthrospores

Question 22

routes of entry

Answer 22

nasal, lungs, blood vessels, stomach, intestines, skin

Question 23

deep mycoses

Answer 23

systemic: brain, lungs, heart, spleen, liver, kidney, cutaneous

Question 24

superficial mycosis

Answer 24

outer skin layer, no immune response, caused mostly by yeast i.e.: tinea versicolor & white/black piedra

Question 25

cutaneous mycosis "dermatophytoses"

Answer 25

epidermal layers, evoke immune response, i.e.: ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch

Question 26

subcutaneous mycosis

Answer 26

chronic infection of subdermal tissues

Question 27

deep/systemic mycosis

Answer 27

mostly originating in the lung by inhalation caused by virulent dimorphic fungi i.e.: valley fever, cave disease, blasto

Question 28

blasto

Answer 28

systemic fungal disease caused by inhalation of spores from sandy soil, decaying wood, etc.

Question 29

tinea versicolor

Answer 29

yeast that naturally occurs on the skin, overpopulates causing white blotches on skin

Question 30

opportunistic mycosis caused by

Answer 30

numerous fungi widespread in nature

Question 31

4 common fungal infections in animals

Answer 31

ringworm, aspergillosis, candidiasis, blastomycosis

Question 32

opportunistic mycosis: candidiasis

Answer 32

most common one, can be superficial or deep, alimentary or IVC portal of entry for deep, predisposing factors: chemo, long term antibiotic use, steroids

Question 33

antifungal agent

Answer 33

selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host

Question 34

polyene antifungal drugs

Answer 34

amphotericin, sterols, cell membrane

Question 35

azole antifungal drugs

Answer 35

fluconazole, inhibit cytochrome enzymes involved with biosynthesis of ergosterol

Question 36

allylamine & morpholine antifungal drugs

Answer 36

terbinafine, inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis

Question 37

antimetabolite antifungal drugs

Answer 37

inhibit DNA & RNA synthesis

Question 38

mycotoxins

Answer 38

toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi, colonize crops, alphatoxins

Question 39

rye mold produces

Answer 39

Claviceps purpurea, ergot which leads to ergotism (convulsive symptoms, Salem Witch trials), i.e.: rye, barley, cereal

Question 40

aspergillus produce

Answer 40

alphatoxin

Question 41

dermatophytes

Answer 41

parasitizing only keratinized epidermal structures, zoonotic, human/animal/soil resevoir i.e.: ringworm

Question 42

ways to treat fungal infections

Answer 42

isolate infected animals lime sulfur/miconazole shampoo clip hair itraconazole, fluconazole, griseofulvin, terbinafine toss contaminated bedding, clean grooming equip. no vax in dogs/cats yet

Question 43

what 3 things regulate dimorphism

Answer 43

pH, [CO2], temperature

Question 44

fungal diseases classified by

Answer 44

mode of entry & degree of tissue involvement

Question 45

aspergillosis common in which animals

Answer 45

cattle, horse, poultry

Question 46

which 3 fungi can cause ringworm

Answer 46

microsporum, trichophyton, epidermophyton

Question 47

microsporidia are what type of parasites

Answer 47

obligate intracellular protozoans

Question 48

microsporidians infect what animals most

Answer 48

arthropods and fish

Question 49

microsporidian are related to

Answer 49

fungi

Question 50

T/F microsporidia are spore-forming

Answer 50

True

Question 51

examples of horizontal transmission

Answer 51

adult bees ingest spores as result of comb cleaning OR fish and shrimp exposed to microsporidia spores via gut or gills

Question 52

example of vertical transmission

Answer 52

direct transfer of infection from parent to progeny (offspring)