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Virology - Exam 4 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

who discovered the filterable infectious agent, toxin?

A

Ivanoski

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2
Q

who discovered agent multiplied only in cells, the actual virus?

A

Beijerinck

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3
Q

who discovered viral structure under EM?

A

Stanley

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4
Q

who discovered first proof of viral infections in animals?

A

Loeffler & Frosch

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5
Q

who vaccinated first against rabies but was unable to find the causative agent?

A

Pasteur

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6
Q

importance of cow pox virus

A

milkmaids, cows, pustules, inoculation/vaccination

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7
Q

definition of viruses

A

broad terminology, infectious or inactivated virus particle, or viral nucleic acid and protein in infected host cell

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8
Q

definition of virology

A

study of viruses and viral diseases

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9
Q

definition of virologist

A

someone who studies viruses

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10
Q

definition of veterinary virology

A

the study of viruses in non-human animals

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11
Q

definition of taxonomy

A

science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

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12
Q

definition of bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria and can sometimes kill them, icosahedral head and helical tail

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13
Q

definition of oncolytic viruses

A

viruses that infect and kill cancer cells, oncolysis, stimulation of host antitumor immune responses

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14
Q

definition of virion

A

a complete virus particle that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat, extracellular infective form of a virus

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15
Q

definition of viriod

A

infectious particle smaller than any of the known viruses, plant diseases, very small circular RNA molecule, lacking the protein coat of a virus

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16
Q

definition of prion

A

infectious agent composed of protein material that can fold in multiple ways leading to disease that is similar to a viral infection

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17
Q

definition of arbovirus

A

arthropod born virus, replicates in and is transmitted by bugs, maintain in nature by going through cycle between host and vector

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18
Q

definition of genome

A

viral DNA or RNA, only a few genes, code for structural components and enzymes needed

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19
Q

definition of capsid

A

protein shell that encases the viral genome, most viruses have one (except Reoviruses), usually symmetrical

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20
Q

function of a capsid

A

protection, antigenic sites, and virus attachment

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21
Q

definition of capsomere

A

basic subunit protein of the capsid

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22
Q

definition of nucleocapsid

A

capsid and viral genome

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23
Q

definition of an endosome

A

membrane bound compartment, Golgi, lysosome for degradation or recycled back to plasma membrane

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24
Q

definition of budding

A

enveloped proteins, peel out with membrane

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25
definition of exocytosis
opposite of endocytosis, packaged before exiting
26
definition of fusion
merging of the virus envelope with the host cell lipid bilayer membrane, mediated by pH, enveloped viruses only
27
definition of prophage
virus genome of bacteriophage that's integrated into the DNA of a host cell
28
definition of provirus
virus genome that's integrated into the DNA of a host cell
29
definition of eclipse infection
infectivity of the virus disappears due to uncoating
30
definition of acute infection
rapid onset of disease & symptoms
31
definition of latent infection
virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods
32
definition of persistent infection
disease processes occurring over a long period, fatal, noncytocidal changes
33
definition of passive viremia
direct inoculation of virus in host and no replication at site of entry
34
definition of active viremia
viremia following virus replication in host
35
definition of primary viremia
spreading into the blood from infected area
36
definition of secondary viremia
spreading to other organs/tissues
37
definition of cytopathic
toxic viral proteins, interferences with cell membrane function
38
definition of neoplastic
tissue becoming malignant
39
definition of inclusion bodies
represent sites of viral replication in nucleus/cytoplasm, viral capsid proteins
40
definition of negri bodies
eosinophilic inclusion bodies found in cytoplasm of nerve cells infected by rabies virus
41
definition of hemagglutination
assay used for quantification of virus dilutions involving RBC
42
definition of apoptosis
programmed cell death
43
definition of HeLa & Vero cells
transformed (cancerous) immortal cell lines, keep multiplying in different layers
44
definition of TCID50
tissue culture infectious dose
45
definition of LD50
50% lethal dose
46
definition of ID50
50% infectious dose
47
definition of immunoprophylaxis
prevention of disease by the production of active/passive immunity
48
definition of adjuvants
formulations added to vaccines to improve immunogenicity
49
parameters for virus classification
genome, replication strategies, and morphology
50
Baltimore's Classification System
7 different classes based on viral genome, strandedness (double or single), or sense (positive or negative; polarity)
51
what is an envelope
lipid bilayer with embedded glycoproteins, makes it more fragile
52
function of an envelope
facilitates virus entry into host cells, helps virus adapt quickly and evade host immune system
53
capsid symmetry
normally icosahedral or helical (capsomeres and nucleic acids wound together)
54
steps in the flow of genetic information
transcription, translation, replication
55
transcription
DNA copied into RNA via RNA polymerase
56
translation
mRNA read to form a protein
57
6 steps in replication
attachment, penetration, Uncoating, replication, assembly, and release
58
Attachment/adsorption
attachment of the virion to the host cell surface, receptor selectively bind specific substrate, can use host cell receptors
59
Penetration/entry
bringing the viral genome to the other side of the host cell's plasma membrane, energy and temperature dependent, via endocytosis, membrane fusion, or direct penetration
60
endocytosis
virus gains entry into host cell without passing through membrane, active transport
61
direct penetration
viral genome injection into the host cell's cytoplasm after initial attachment, pore mediated, naked viruses only
62
Uncoating
capsid protein removal and the release of viral genome in the host cell, programmed, mediated by pH and lysosomal enzymes, large viruses have their own Uncoating enzymes, loss of infectivity, makes it fragile
63
Replication/synthesis
genomic expression of the viruses, replicate, and make functional proteins
64
Assembly/maturation
packing the viral genome and proteins into new virions following a specific order, Golgi, building blocks
65
Release/shedding
expulsion and release of progeny virions via budding, exocytosis, or cell lysis
66
cell lysis
naked virions, break open and fall out quickly
67
reverse transcription
synthesis of DNA from an RNA template
68
key enzymes in DNA replication
DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, made in nucleus except Pox
69
key enzymes in RNA replication
RNA polymerase, ribosomal enzymes, made in cytoplasm except Retro and Flu
70
life cycle of a DNA virus
virion attaches, enters, DNA uncoated, transcribed, mRNA produced, DNA replicated, capsid proteins made, virions mature & release
71
life cycle of a pox virus
large and have more genes so they carry their own RNA polymerase and produce mRNA in the cytoplasm
72
which entry method will pox viruses NOT use
direct penetration
73
life cycle of an RNA virus
attachment, entry, Uncoating, RNA replication by RNA polymerase, translation and synthesis, maturation and release, positive or negative strandedness, can do twice and make a double strand
74
life cycle of a retrovirus
penetration, Uncoating, reverse transcription of RNA -> DNA, DNA -> nucleus (provirus), can divide indefinitely with the host cell DNA
75
life cycle of influenza virus
attachment, endocytosis, RNA enters nucleus and replicated via polymerase, mRNA makes new proteins and releases into ECF
76
horizontal transmission
within same species, to each other
77
vertical transmission
to offspring
78
cross species transmission
between different species
79
zoonosis
from animal to human or vice versa
80
role of reservoir hosts & example
hold infection without being sick, mode of transmission i.e.: ebola in bats
81
example of abnormal cell growth
cancer
82
example of cell damage/death
lysis, cell membrane alteration, apoptosis
83
example of no apparent changes
persistent, latent, immunosuppresion
84
4 steps of infection in host
adsorption/entry, Uncoating/replication, maturation, and release (infective form)
85
primary cell line
derived from tissues, die after a few generations
86
diploid cell line
developed from human embryos, grow for many generations
87
ECE
embryonated chicken eggs; used for virus isolation, identification, and production of vaccines via candling. can detect virus via mortality, lesions, inclusion bodies, viral antigens, and hemagglutination assays
88
methods of viral diagnoses
EM, fluorescent antibody staining, or immunocytochemistry
89
innate immunity
non-specific, constantly present, no previous exposure to virus required, rapid response
90
adaptive immunity
specific, develops after virus exposure, specific to that virus, cross-protection, slow response
91
first line of defense
chemical and mechanical barriers, reflexes
92
second line of defense
innate immunity
93
third line of defense
adaptive immunity
94
antiviral drugs
dependent on metabolic pathways of their host cell for replication, most agents that interfere with virus replication are toxic to the cell i.e. interferon
95
immunoprophylaxis
prevention of disease by the production of active/passive immunity
96
active immunity
most effective, vaccinations
97
passive immunity
antibodies administered, vaccine of pregnant animal will pass immunity to offspring
98
live attenuated vaccine
viable virus but with reduced virulence tissue cultures, embryonated eggs, live animals, parental, oral, nasal
99
inactivated vaccine
killed virus particles, purified proteins and lipid solvents, formaldehyde
100
recombinant vaccine
protein antigens to induce immunity against the virus using adjuvants, yeasts, bacteria

Micro (11 decks)

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