mycotoxins in small animals

Question 1

which mycotoxins causes activation of nociceptors

Answer 1

• t2
• very painful
• eg stachybotrys

Question 2

which toxin casuses vomiting most in pigs

Answer 2

• DON
• The most prevalent mycotoxin in the Northern hemisphere
• Vomiting (> 2000 ppb)
  
  • Feed refusal (Adaptation !) (>1200 ppb)
• GI-dysfunction: Inflammation(< 800 ppb)
  
  • Decreased utilization of nutrients
  • Deregulation of the immune system

Question 3

THIS TOXIN CAUSES Impairment of innate immunity

Answer 3

Deoxynivalenol

Question 4

EFFECTS OF Deoxynivalenol( DON) ON Gut associated local immune response:

Answer 4

• Activation of MAPK
• Upregulation of IgA expression
• Upregulation of transcription factors (NFkB)
• Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines
• Induction of COX-2
• Decrease of TEER (ABC transporters?)
• Loss of barrier function
• Impairment of Na+-glucose co-transport
• N.B IT CAUSES Increased Susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections
  Vaccination failures

Question 5

EFFECTS OF EXPOSERE OF DON ON PLANTS

Answer 5

• DON – is toxic also for plants
• A detoxicification mechanisme of plants is glycosinolation
• Up to 60% of DON is glycosinolated in wheat …………………….and not measured with common modern methods

Question 6

WHICH TOXIN IS MOSTLY FOUND IN CORN THAN GRAIN

Answer 6

• Zearalenone: ZEA, ZEN, F-2 toxin

Question 7

WHICH TOXIN HAS HIGH BINDING AFFINITY FOR ESTROGEN RECEPTOS

Answer 7

Zearalenone: ZEA, ZEN, F-2 toxin

Question 8

the most prominant toxins in feed materials

Answer 8

Fusarium

Question 9

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FUSARIUM

Answer 9

Significant economic losses in farm animals (pigs, poultry) Clinical relevant featurse of trichothecenes are: Impairment of intestinal health (poor nutrient utilization)
Impairment of the immune system:
Increasing prevalence of viral diseases
Increasing incidence of bacterial infections
 (increased use of antibiotics – undesirable!)
Vaccination failures!
Zearalenone: economic losses due to impaired reproduction

Question 10

MICRO ORGANISMS THAT INVADE SILAGE

Answer 10

Silage is invaded
by micro-aerobic
acid tolerant
moulds and yeasts

Question 11

Compounds that protect the individual by inhibiting absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract or by inducing excretion pathways

Answer 11

CHEMOPROTECTORS

reduction of the internal dose Test protocol: Kinetic studies in target animals

Question 12

Compounds that successfully prevent /mitigate adverse effects of mycotoxins

Answer 12

CHEMOPREVENTION

 interference with mechanisms of toxicity Test protocol: Measurement of biological (dynamic) effects (biomarkers of effect).

Question 13

THIS ANTITOXIN Sequester & degrade certain mycotoxins

Answer 13

Probiotics & Bacterial enzymes

Question 14

AFB1 epoxide-formation is inhibited by:

Answer 14

Green thea polyphenols Vegetables: psoralens, apigenin, quercitin naringenin, caffeic acid

Question 15

list the chemicals that prevent absoption of mycotoxins

Answer 15

Bentonites
Sepolites
Smectides
-Montmorillonite
-Nontrionite

• Mineral clay products: Ca-Na-Al-phyllosilicates

Able to bind polar mycotoxins: AFB1
In vitro binding
“Isotherms”
Bentonites
Sepolites
Smectides
-Montmorillonite
-Nontrionite
Commonly applied as feed additive to reduce the internal dose

Question 16

what is the effect of t2 toxin in dogs

Answer 16

bleeding

Question 17

what is the effect of t2 in cats

Answer 17

cardiovascular toxicity

Question 18

practicioner’s ddx of t2

Answer 18

Idiosyncratic potentiated sulfonamide toxicity (pancytopenia, hemolytic anaemia)

Question 19

ddx of DON BY PRACTISIONERS

Answer 19

• age-related hypertension in cats,
• urinary tract infections in dogs

Question 20

THIS TOXIN ACTS AS Acts as agonist/antagonist on estrogen-receptors IN SM

Answer 20

• Zearalenone (ZEA)
  
  • Impairs oocyte maturation
    in vitro
  • Stimulates ER-dependent
    cell proliferation