Myocardial mechanics Flashcards
(49 cards)
What is the process of excitation-contraction coupling?
1) Electrical excitation from ALPHA motor neuron
2) Series of events including Ca2+ - delay in muscle contraction
3) T-tubules and intercalated discs rapidly transmit action potentials to the myocardium
Where are intercalated discs present?
In cardiac muscle
What is the sarcolemma?
The myocyte plasma membrane
What are t-tubules?
What do they allow?
Invaginations of the sarcolemma that dive deep into the myocyte
Allows action potentials to stimulate ALL parts of the muscle SIMULANEOUSLY
What does the action potential down the t tubules activate?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
What does it store?
Specialised type of SER
Fluid-filled membranous sac that surrounds each myofibril
Stores Ca2+
What is the structure of the SR?
- Voltage gated ion channels
- Cisterns - store the water
Where are the cisterns of the SR?
At the END of the myofibrils
In a triad:
- 2 cisternes
- 1 central T-tubule
What occurs in a relaxed muscle with Ca2+?
- Sarcoplasmic [Ca2+]
- Ca2+ pumps MOP UP calcium from the sarcoplasm and stores it in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum [Ca2+] ~10nm
Where is CALSEQUESTIN present?
What does it do?
Why is this advantageous?
Present in the SR
Binds to FREE Ca2+ - lowering [Ca2+]
Advantageous:
1) Makes it seem like low Ca2+ in SR
2) Pumps work more efficiently and quickly
3) More Ca2+ stored in the SR
4) More Ca2+ can be released during contraction
What are the additional proteins involved in muscle contraction?
1) Tropomyosin
2) Myosin and actin
3) Titin
4) Troponin
What does tropomyosin do?
- Covers the actin/myosin binding site
- Preventing the myosin head from sticking to the actin molecule
- Muscle remains relaxed
What does titin do?
Tethers myosin
- Prevents the muscles from pulling apart completely
What does troponin do?
Connects to tropomyosin
- Pulls tropomyosin away from the actin/myosin binding site when bound to Ca+
- Myosin head can bind to actin
Why can troponin not work in relaxed muscle?
No Ca2+ to bind to the troponin for it to pull the tropomyosin away and reveal actin/myosin binding sites
What occurs during muscle contraction?
EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING:
1) Action potential arrives - depolarisation of the membrane
2) Action potential propagates down down the T-tubules - activates VG Ca2+ ion channels in the sarcoplasmic
3) Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
4) Ca2+ rapidly diffuses out of the SR down the concentration gradient into the SARCOPLASM
5) Ca2+ binds to toponin - conformational change
6) Troponin pulls tropomyosin from the myosin/actin binding
7) Myosin head sticks to the binding site on actin
8) If ATP/ADP available - cross bridge cyclic occurs and muscle actively shortens
Why is there a delay in the activation of the sarcolemma and muscle contraction?
Ca2+ channels needing to be open etc. (cascade)
What are the consequences of the sliding filaments?
Muscle contraction
What is muscle tension that the myocytes can develop?
Proportional to the no. of cross bridges
What is the no. of cross bridges that can form?
What does this mean?
Proportional to the sarcomere length
Means there is an OPTIMUM resting length for the maximum tension generation (as there is a point were there will be maximum no. of cross bridges forming)
What is the frank-stalin relationship?
The length-tension relationship
Describe the frank-stalin relationship graph
Short sarcomeres:
- Overlapping thin filaments
- LESS tension generated
- Action interfere with binding sites
- No actin-myosin binding
Optimum length:
- Absolute maximum no. of actin-myosin binding sites
Increase length past optimum:
- Actin and myosin are pulled apart
- Reduced area for cross bridge formation
Increase length too much:
- No binding at all
What is the optimum length of the sarcomere?
Where the MAXIMUM no. of binding sites
Where the MAXIMUM tension is generated
How do muscles constantly work at the optimum range?
Tendons and bones and angle of the joints