Myology of the Back Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of the true back?
A
trapezius, latissimus dorsi
2
Q
Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer two of the true back?
A
rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
3
Q
Which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer two of the true back?
A
levator scapula
4
Q
The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?
A
the spinal accessory nerve
5
Q
The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?
A
the thoracodorsal nerve
6
Q
What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?
A
ventral rami from C6-C8
7
Q
Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
A
levator scapula, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
8
Q
What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?
A
the ventral ramus of C5
9
Q
What part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?
A
the spinous process
10
Q
Splenius capitis will attach to what locations on the skull?
A
mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
11
Q
What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
A
dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5) cord levels)
12
Q
Splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?
A
lateral mass of C1 & posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4
13
Q
What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?
A
dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)
14
Q
Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?
A
the erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscle
15
Q
Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?
A
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
16
Q
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?
A
spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest
17
Q
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?
A
costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (rib 6-rib 12 or rib 3-rib 12)
18
Q
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?
A
dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves
19
Q
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?
A
spinous processes of L1-L5
20
Q
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?
A
iliac crest of the inominate bone
21
Q
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?
A
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
22
Q
What is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis?
A
costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs (rib 5 or 6-rib 12)
23
Q
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
A
costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7
24
Q
What osseous pert of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
A
transverse process of C7
25
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates & inserts on ribs?
iliocostalis thoracis
26
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)
27
What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervcis?
costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)
28
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse process of (C3) C4-C6
29
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)
30
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?
accessory process & transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5, and median sacral crest S1-S3
31
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis?
transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments
| between tubercle & costal angle of the lower 9-10 ribs (rib 2 or 3-rib 12)
32
Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
33
What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (T1-T12, L1-L5)
34
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
accessory process & medial part of transverse process of L1-L5
35
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the inominate bone
36
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?
spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
37
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?
transverse process of all thoracics
| between tubercle and costal angle of all ribs (rib 1-rib 12)
38
Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - inserrtion?
longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
39
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-C6 or C7, articular processes from C2-C6 or C7
40
What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?
dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 & T1-T2 cord levels)
41
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus capitis?
transverse tubercle of T1-T5 and articular processes of C4-C7
42
What is the insertion for the longissimus capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)
43
Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?
longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis
44
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?
spinous processes of T11 & T12 -L1 & L2
45
What is the insertion for the spinalis thoracis?
spinous process of T1-T4 or as low as T8
46
What is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic 7 upper lumbar spinal nerves
47
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis cervicis?
spinous process of C7 & T1-T6
48
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the spinalis cervicis?
spinous processes from C2-C4
49
What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)
50
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis capitis?
spinous process of C7 & T1-T6 or T7
51
What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical & upper thoracic spinal nerves
52
Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?
semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators
53
How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
as many as nine vertebrae
54
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis thoracis?
transverse tubercles of T6-T10 or as low as T12
55
What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?
T12
56
What is the insertion for the semispinalis thoracis?
spinous processes of C6-C7 & T1-T4
57
What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)
58
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 & articular processes of C4-C7
59
What is the insertion for the semispinalis cervicis?
spinous processes of C2-C5
60
What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)
61
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 & articular processes of C4-C6
62
What is the insertion for the semispinalis capitis?
below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
63
What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)
64
The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle?
biventer cervicis
65
What regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?
lumbar multifidis, thoracic multifidis, and cervical multifidis
66
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?
articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5 and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5
67
What is the insertion for the classic multifidis?
spinous process 3-5 segments above the origin
68
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
multifidis
69
Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?
lateral flexion & rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve, and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
70
What is the attachment site and most cranial vertebra of insertion for the multifidis?
spinous process of C2
71
Contraction of the multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?
alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution
determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck
72
Which subdivisions of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin - insertion?
multifidis lumborum
73
Contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?
lateral flexion & rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve, and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
74
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracis pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum
75
Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine?
the thoracic region
76
What will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?
deep layers of the multifidis
77
Contraction of rotator longus will result in what movement?
rotation of the segment of insertion, bilaterally acts to weakly extend spine
78
What innervates the rotators?
dorsal rami at the level of insertion are believed to do so
79
What muscles are included in the suboccipital muscle group?
rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior
80
Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
obliquus capitis inferior
81
Which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles?
the dorsal ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve
82
What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major?
the spinous tubercle of C2
83
Contraction of rectus capitis posterior major will result in what movement?
turns the face to the side, bilaterally acts to extend the head
84
What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor?
the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1
85
Contraction of rectus capitis posterior minor will result in what movement?
extends the head
86
What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?
C2 spinous process and lamina
87
What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?
transverse process of C1`
88
Contraction of the obliquus capitis inferior will result in what movement?
turns the face to the side
89
What is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior?
the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1
90
What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis superior?
between superior nuchal line & inferior nuchal line
91
Contraction of the obliquus capitis superior will result in what movement?
lateral flexion/lateral bending of the head, bilaterally acts to extend the head
92
An increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle?
obliquus capitis inferior
93
Suboccipital muscle feeback relays to what additional locations in the brain?
extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex, and vestibular nuclei
94
What is the result of communication between suboccipital muslces, visual centers, and vestibular centers?
coordination of head and eye position
95
What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?
postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
96
Which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?
rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor & obliquus capitis inferior
97
Interspinalis is paired in which regions of the spine?
cervical and lumbar regions
98
At what locations will interspinalis be absent along the spine?
T3-T4 down to T10-T11
99
Contraction of interspinalis is traditionally said to result in what movement?
weak approximation of the spinous processes or extension of the spine
100
Based on density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
101
Intertransversarii are paired in which region(s) of the spine?
cervical and lumabar regions
102
In which region of the spine are intertransversarii best developed?
cervical region
103
Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves?
posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii
104
What are the names of the parts of the intertransversarii in the lumbar spine?
medial belly, anterior lateral belly, posterior lateral belly
105
What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?
accessory process of transverse process L1-L4
| mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4
106
Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?
medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii
107
Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by ventral rami of lumbar spinal nerves?
anterior lateral belly and posterior lateral belly, lumbar intertransversarii
108
Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves?
intertransversarii
109
Based on density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
110
What is the origin of the longus colli?
vertebral bodies of C5-C7, T1-T3 & anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C5
111
What is the insertion of the longus colli?
anterior tubercle of the anterior arch C1, vertebral bodies of C2-C4, and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C5-C6
112
What will innervate the longus colli?
ventral rami of C2-C6 or C7 spinal nerves
113
What is the origin of the longus capitis?
anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6
114
What is the insertion of the longus capitis?
basilar part of the occipital bone
115
What will innervate the longus capitis?
the ventral rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves
116
What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?
lateral mass & costal element of the transverse process of C1
117
What is the insertion of the rectus capitis anterior?
basilar part of the occipital bone
118
What will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?
ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves
119
What is the origin of the rectus capitis lateralis?
costal element of the transverse process of C1
120
What is the insertion of the rectus capitis lateralis?
jugular process of the occipital bone
121
Contraction of the rectus capitis lateralis will result in what movement?
laterally flex the head to the ipsilateral side
122
What will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?
the ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves
123
What is the origin of the anterior scalene?
anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6
124
What is the insertion of the anterior scalene?
ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib
125
Contraction of the anterior scalene will result in what movements?
flexion and lateral flexion (bending) of the neck & rotation of the cervicals to the contralateral side; elevates first rib
126
What will innervate the anterior scalene?
the ventral rami of C2-C6 spinal nerves
127
What is the origin of the middle scalene?
transverse processes of C1, C2 & posterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C7
128
What is the insertion of the middle scalene?
between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib
129
Contraction of the middle scalene will result in what movements?
laterally flex the neck; elevate the first rib
130
What will innervate the middle scalene?
the ventral rami of C3-C8 spinal nerves
131
What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?
outer surface of second rib
132
Contraction of posterior scalene will result in what movement?
laterally flex the neck; elevates the second rib
133
What will innervate the posterior scalene?
the ventral rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves
134
Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament?
quadratus lumborum
135
What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the quadratus lumborum?
transverse process of L5
136
What is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum?
transverse tubercle of the transverse process L1-L4 & 12th rib
137
What will innervate the quadratus lumborum?
the ventral rami of T12 & L1-L3 or L4 spinal nerves
138
What is the origin of the psoas major?
vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1 and transverse processes L1-L5
139
What is the insertion of the psoas major?
lesser trochanter of the femur
140
What will innervate the psoas major?
primarily the ventral rami of L2 & L3, may include ventral rami of L1 & L4 spinal nerves
141
What is the origin of the psoas minor?
vertebral bodies T12, L1
142
What is the insertion of the psoas minor?
iliopubic eminence of the innominate bone
143
Contraction of the psoas minor will result in what movements?
weakly flexes trunk
144
What will innervate the psoas minor?
the ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve
145
What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the iliacus?
superolateral margin of sacrum
146
What non-vertebral column site serves as an origin to the iliacus?
iliac crest and upper two-thirds of the iliac fossa of the innominate bone
147
What is the insertion of the iliacus?
lesser trochanter of the femur
148
What will innervate the iliacus?
the femoral nerve, primarily the ventral rami of L2 & L3
149
Contraction of the levator costarum brevis will result in what movement?
elevate the rib, collectively may laterally flex and rotate the trunk
150
What will innervate the levator costarum brevis?
the dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves
151
What is the origin of the levator costarum longus?
transverse tubercles of transverse processes from T7-T10
152
What is the insertion of the levator costarum longus?
near costal angle of rib 9-rib 12
153
Contraction of the levator costarum longus will result in what movements?
elevate the rib, collectively may laterally flex and rotate trunk
154
What will innervate the levator costarum longus?
the dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves
155
What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior?
spinous tubercles of spinous processes from C7, T1 & T2, possibly T3
156
What is the insertion of the serratus posterior superior?
upper outer border of rib 2 - rib 5
157
Contraction of the serratus posterior superior will result in what movement?
elevate the upper outer border of rib 1 - rib 5 in inspiration
158
What will innervate the serratus posterior superior?
the ventral rami of T2-T5 spinal nerves... intercostal nerves
159
What is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior?
spinous tubercles of spinous processes from T11, T12, L1 & L2, possibly L3
160
What is the insertion of the serratus posterior inferior?
inferior outer border of ribs 9-12
161
Contraction of the serratus posterior inferior will result in what movements?
draws lower 4 ribs down and back, forced inspiration
162
What will innervate the serratus posterior inferior?
the ventral rami of T9 - T11, the intercostal nerves & the ventral ramus of T12, the subcostal nerve
