The Head

Question 1

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 1

chondrocranium

Question 2

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 2

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 3

Which bones of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 3

the clavicle

Question 4

What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?

Answer 4

suture, gomphosis, schindylesis, and syndesmosis

Question 5

What are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?

Answer 5

sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification

Question 6

What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?

Answer 6

sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification

Question 7

What is the classification of a joint with a “nail-like” condition?

Answer 7

gomphosis

Question 8

What is the classification of a joint with a “fissure-like” condition?

Answer 8

schindylesis

Question 9

What is the name given to the indentation of bone between the nasal and frontal bones?

Answer 9

nasion

Question 10

What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?

Answer 10

piriform aperture

Question 11

What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?

Answer 11

canine eminence

Question 12

What forms a bullet-like chin?

Answer 12

a large mental protuberance

Question 13

What forms an indented chin?

Answer 13

well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance

Question 14

What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?

Answer 14

the inion

Question 15

What is the name of the linear elevation lateral to the external occipital protuberance?

Answer 15

superior nuchal line

Question 16

Temporal lines are a feature on which bone(s)?

Answer 16

parietal and frontal bones

Question 17

What is the appearance of suture intersections just above the zygomatic arch called?

Answer 17

the pterion

Question 18

What is the appearance of suture intersections just above the mastoid process called?

Answer 18

the asterion

Question 19

What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?

Answer 19

the nasion, vertex, inion, and gnathion

Question 20

What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?

Answer 20

the nasion, vertex, and inion

Question 21

What is the norma basalis?

Answer 21

the skull viewed from the bottom

Question 22

What is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?

Answer 22

the cruciate or cruciform suture

Question 23

Pterygoid plates are a feature of what bone?

Answer 23

the sphenoid bone

Question 24

What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?

Answer 24

a line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes, and the sphenoidal jugum

Question 25

What constitutes the bony floor of the anterior cranial fossa?

Answer 25

orbital plates of frontal bone, crista galli, and cribriform plate of ethmoid

Question 26

What passes through the cribriform plate?

Answer 26

fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve

Question 27

An emissary vein leaves the anterior cranial fossa via what opening?

Answer 27

foramen cecum

Question 28

What is the posterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 28

superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes, and dorsum sella of sphenoid bone

Question 29

What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 29

sella turcica

Question 30

Which cranial nerves exit the skull via the middle cranial fossa ostia?

Answer 30

cranial nerves II, IIII, IV, V, and VI

Question 31

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 31

the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Question 32

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 32

the ophthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the abducent nerve

Question 33

Which single opening will allow the exit of the greatest number of cranial nerves?

Answer 33

the superior orbital fissure

Question 34

What is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?

Answer 34

unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening: the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure

Question 35

What are the contents of the foramen ovale?

Answer 35

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 36

What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?

Answer 36

the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery

Question 37

What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 37

the tentorium cerebelli

Question 38

What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 38

the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 39

What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 39

the clivus or basilar part of the occipital bone

Question 40

Which cranial nerves exit posterior cranial fossa ostia?

Answer 40

cranial nerve VII (facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (spinal accessory), and XII (hypoglossal)

Question 41

What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 41

cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein

Question 42

what are the contents of the jugular foramen?

Answer 42

the jugular bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory)

Question 43

What can the five layers of the scalp spell?

Answer 43

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, Periosteum... SCALP

Question 44

What are the principle sources of blood to the scalp?

Answer 44

internal carotid and external carotid branches

Question 45

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?

Answer 45

all 3 division: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve

Question 46

What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?

Answer 46

muscular component of the scalp

Question 47

What muscle(s) are specifically associated with the scalp?

Answer 47

frontalis and occipitalis bellies of the epicranius muscle

Question 48

The bellies of the epicranius muscles are connected by what structure?

Answer 48

galea aponeurotica

Question 49

What specific nerves provide motor control to the scalp muscle?

Answer 49

facial nerve: posterior auricular and temporal branches

Question 50

What is unusal/unique about the muscles of the face?

Answer 50

they do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion

Question 51

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

Answer 51

orbicularis oris, procerus, and risorius

Question 52

What motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by facial nerve?

Answer 52

brachial efferent (BE)