N227 Midterm Flashcards
(40 cards)
Define Planetary Health
“health of the human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends”
An emerging wholistic health field that seeks to:
-Foster interdisciplinary collaborations
-Integrate Indigenous knowledge
-Facilitate education
-Drive public and policy engagement
Define Global Health
- “Issues that directly or indirectly affect health but can transcend national boundaries” (Astle, 2024)
- the optimal well-being of all humans from the individual and collective perspective and is considered a fundamental human right that should be accessible to all
- encompasses prevention and treatment and care while focusing on the improvement of health for all … in addition to transnational health issues, it is also focused on domestic health disparities
- global health refers to the scope of the problem not the location of the problem
- requires attention to global level processes that manifest in local experiences
What are the defining characteristics of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
- Align with a planetary perspective on health.
- Foci: social determinants of health, poverty, and sustainability.
- Address the health of persons of all ages.
- Target health risks of all countries- low and high income countries.
What is the definition of Determinants of Health?
the biological, behavioural, social, environmental, political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations.
What is climate change?
long-term, statistically significant alteration of climate patterns over extended periods. The changes in the Earth’s climate system, typically characterised by shifts in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events.
What is global warming?
the increase in the planet’s overall average temperature in recent decades
What is “The Great Acceleration”?
a term used to describe the rapid and widespread increase in human activity and its impact on Earth’s natural systems.
The exponential increase of consumption patterns, growth in population and GDP, increased human impacts on natural systems beginning in the 1950’s.
What is the “Great Transition”?
-A just transformation of the world that optimizes the health and well-being of all people and the planet
-The great transition is achieved with the following aspects working together: the emerging scientific field, social movement, basis in Indigenous ways of knowing, global transdisciplinary and upstream thinking
What has primarily driven climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution?
Anthropogenic factors (particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy, which releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to global warming; alongside this, practices like deforestation, intensive agriculture, and industrial waste disposal also significantly contribute to these environmental issues. )
What are examples of environmental racism?
a form of systemic racism related to racial discrimination in policymaking. It includes the enforcement of laws and regulations and actions such as the deliberate siting of toxic waste facilities in predominantly racialized communities, the official sanctioning of the life-threatening presence of poisons and pollutants in certain communities, and the historical exclusion of racialized people from positions of leadership in the environmental movement.
Examples: deliberate sittings of toxic waste facilities near racialized communities, landfills or processing plants or near Indigenous reserves, lack of clean water on reserves.
What does action within the “Anthropocene and Health” domain of the Planetary Health Education Framework (PHEF) look like?
- Understanding of how specific anthropogenic impacts on Earth’s natural systems are connected to health outcomes.
- Uses a social and ecological approach to health promotion and disease prevention and control, ranging from individual to population level determinants of human, animal, and ecosystem health.
- This domain also focuses on understanding the underlying and mediating factors that enhance or lessen health outcomes.
What does the São Paulo Declaration on Planetary Health primarily focus on?
optimizes the health and well-being of all people and the planet. Every person, in every place, from every calling, has a role to play in safeguarding the health of the planet and people for future generations.
Outlines the actions necessary to achieve the Great Transition.
What do the determinants of planetary health from an Indigenous consensus perspective focus on (what are the three interconnected levels)?
- Mother Earth-level determinants
-Respect of the feminine
-Ancestral legal personhood designation - Interconnecting-level determinants
-Human interconnectedness within Nature
-Self and community relationships
-The modern scientific paradigm
-Governance and law - Indigenous peoples-level determinants
-Indigenous land tenure rights, language, peoples’ health, Elders and children.
Addressing planetary health issues calls for the inclusion of solutions with an Earth-centered world view.
What is ecological grief and anxiety?
Grief- a feeling of loss that comes from witnessing or learning about environmental destruction.
Anxiety- a chronic fear of environmental doom and the impact of climate change on the planet. It can cause distress and dysfunction. Caused by the uncertainty of the future.
What are some impacts of climate change on health?
- Severe weather
- Air pollution
- Changes in vector ecology
- Increasing allergies
- Water quality impacts
- Water and food supply impacts
- Environmental degradation
- Extreme heat
What are environmental risk factors for the global burden of disease?
- Air pollution
- Climate change
- Unsafe water
Why do climate change-related disasters highlight inequities in countries?
because the poorest and most marginalized communities are disproportionately affected due to factors like limited access to resources, inadequate infrastructure, geographical vulnerabilities, and a lack of preparedness, meaning they suffer greater losses and face more difficulties recovering from disasters compared to wealthier populations, even though they often contribute the least to greenhouse gas emissions.
What is Governance?
the actions and means adopted by a society to organize itself in the promotion and protection of its population.
Policies and regulations that are put in place.
What does a health and human rights approach to global health require?
*Foundation of approach: fulfillment of people’s human rights is conducive to their health (and violation of their rights tends to be detrimental to health)
* Application of a “Human Rights-Based Approach”:
* Assessing health policies, programs, and practices in terms of impact on human rights
* Analyzing and addressing the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health
* Prioritizing the fulfillment of human rights
Generally, what are the leading causes of GBD and death in high-income countries (HICs) compared to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)?
GBD (Incidence)
HIC= upper respiratory infections, cavities.
LMIC= upper respiratory infections, diarrhea.
Death
HIC= ischemic heart disease, stroke
LMIC= COVID-19, neonatal disorders, ischemic heart disease.
Which two conditions are among the top causes of death?
Ischemic heart disease and stroke.
What do the YLL, YLD, and DALY measure?
YLL- the difference between age of death and the highest life expectancy globally for that age
o Highest life expectancy for age – age at death = years of life lost (YLL)
YLD- years of life lived with disability multiplied by the weight assigned to the condition
o Years of life lived x disability weight = years lived with disability (YLD)
DALY- years of life lived adjusted for impact of disability
o YLL + YLD = DALY BE ABLE TO CALCULATE DALY
What does Article 25 of the UDHR state?
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, older age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
What are the three levels of prevention that capture the full range of health interventions?
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
