NAD+

Question 1

What does NAD+ do in glycolysis?

Answer 1

It is the primary oxidising agent producing NADH.

Question 2

Which step in glycolysis uses NAD+

Answer 2

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase.

Question 3

Hydride Transfer

Answer 3

This is where hydrogen nucleus migrates from one atom to another, accompanied by varying amounts of electrons.

Question 4

What are the names given to that enzymes utilise NAD+?

Answer 4

Oxioreductases and Dehydrgogenases.

Question 5

What is resulting NADH produced in respirtation used in?

Answer 5

ETC or LDH.

Question 6

What are the three pathways of NAD+ oxidation?

Answer 6

Homolactic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
ETC.

Question 7

Homolactic Fermentaiton

Answer 7

Conversion of one glucose into two lactic acids.

Question 8

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 8

Transformation of fructose and glucose by yeast to ethanol, CO2 and heat.

Question 9

When does homolactic fermentation occur?

Answer 9

In muscles under anaerobic conditions.

Question 10

What happens to NADH in homolactic fermentaiton?

Answer 10

NADH couples with pyruvate formation to lactate.

Question 11

When does alcoholic fermentation occur?

Answer 11

Anaerobic conditions in yeast.

Question 12

What steps of the CAC reduce NAD+?

Answer 12

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase and Malate Dehydrogenase.

Question 13

What makes AKGD a key CAC regulator?

Answer 13

It is inhibited by both its products; NADH and succinyl COA.

Question 14

What are the two alosterically activators of AKGD?

Answer 14

ADP and Calcium.

Question 15

What is AKGD classified as?

Answer 15

A redox sensor.

Question 16

How much NADH is generated per glucose?

Answer 16

10 NADH.

Question 17

Where was the importance of NAD+ first established?

Answer 17

Joseph Goldbergers studies of dietary effects and its cause on pellagra.

Question 18

What caused Pellagra?

Answer 18

Niacin deficiency, a precurosr for NAD+

Question 19

What is the function of NAD+

Answer 19

Accepting hydride to form NADH and fuel OP.

Question 20

What is the mitochondrial NAD/NADH ratio compared to the cytosol?

Answer 20

7:8 compared to 60:700

Question 21

What connects the two NAD+/NADH pools?

Answer 21

Glycolysis and NAD biosynthesis.

Question 22

What are the two complexes facilitating NADH transport across the membrane?

Answer 22

Malate aspartate and Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle.

Question 23

Malate Aspartate

Answer 23

Regulates glycolytic/lactate metabolism, transferring NADH from cytosol to mitochondria.

Question 24

Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

Answer 24

Delivers cytosolic reducing equivalents directly into OP.

Question 25

Due to NAD+ glycolsis regulation, what else does NAD+ regulate?

Answer 25

Pyruvate and NADH flux into the mitochondria.

Question 26

What is the first step in NAD+ biosynthesis?

Answer 26

Conversion to nicotinamide mononucleotide by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase

Question 27

What is the second step of NAD biosynthesis?

Answer 27

Formation of nicotinamide ribose by CD73 which its transport into the cell.

Question 28

What is the third step of NAD biosynthesis?

Answer 28

Re-phosphorylation of nicotinamide ribose.

Question 29

What is the fifth step of NAD biosynthesis?

Answer 29

Conversion into NAD by Adenylyltransferases