Naming compounds

Question 1

Define the term “Hydrocarbon”

Answer 1

A compound which contains carbon and hydrogen only

Question 2

Define the term “Saturated hydrocarbon”

Answer 2

A hydrocarbon which contains only single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 3

Define the term “unsaturated hydrocarbon”

Answer 3

A hydrocarbon which contains one or more double carb-carbon bonds

Question 4

Define the term “functional group”

Answer 4

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

Question 5

Define the term “homologous series”

Answer 5

A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the same functional group
Each successive member differs by a CH2 group
Show a trend in physical properties

Question 6

Define the term “structural isomers”

Answer 6

Compounds with the same formula but different structures

Question 7

Define the term “Macromolecule”

Answer 7

A large molecule built up from small units called monomers

Question 8

What is a test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 8

Unsaturated hydrocarbons will decolourise bromine water (orange to colourless)

Question 9

How do you name compounds that are alkanes

Answer 9

-ane e.g. methane

Question 10

How do you name compounds that are alkenes

Answer 10

-ene e.g. methene

Question 11

How do you name compounds that are alcohols

Answer 11

-ol e.g. methanol

Question 12

How do you name compounds that are carboxylic acids

Answer 12

-oic acid e.g. methanoic acid

Question 13

How do you name compounds that are esters

Answer 13

-alkyl-oate e.g. methyl ethanoate

Question 14

Name the first four alkanes

Answer 14

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

Question 15

What is the equation for cracking alkanes

Answer 15

Alkane —–> Shorter alkane + alkene (heat and cayaylst used)

Question 16

What is the equation for cracking ethane

Answer 16

Ethane —-> Ethene +Hydrogen (Catalyst and heat used)

Question 17

What is the equation for combustion of alkanes

Answer 17

Alkane + oxygen —–> carbon dioxide + water

Question 18

What is the equation for making chloroalkanes

Answer 18

CH4 + Cl2 —–> CH3Cl + HCl (UV light used)

Question 19

What is the equation for hydrogenation of alkenes

Answer 19

Ethene + Hydrogen —-> Ethane (Cataylst, heat and pressure used)

Question 20

What is the equation for bromination of alkenes

Answer 20

Ethene + bromine —–> c2h4br2

Question 21

What is the equation for hydration of alkenes

Answer 21

ethene + water —-> C2H5OH

Question 22

What are the two methods of making ethanol

Answer 22

1.) Fermentation of sugars - The sugar is dissolved in water and yeast is added, at about 37*C, Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced in the absence of air
C6H12O6 —–> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

2.) Hydration of ethene - ethene + Water —-> ethanol

Question 23

What is the equation for combustion of ethanol

Answer 23

C2H5OH + 3O2 —-> 2CO2 + 3H2O

Question 24

What is the equation for making carboxylic acid

Answer 24

Ethanol ——-> Ethanoic acid

Question 25

What is the equation for making esters

Answer 25

Carboxylic acid + alchahol -----> ester

Question 26

Give three examples of fossil fuels

Answer 26

Coal Natural gas Petroleum

Question 27

How are fossil fuels formed

Answer 27

They are formed from the remains of plant & animals that lived millions of years ago

Question 28

What is the chemical composition of petroleum

Answer 28

A mixture of hydrocarbons of different sizes

Question 29

How are different components separated

Answer 29

The different length hydrocarbons have different boiling points, so they can be separated by fractional distillation

Question 30

How does the size of molecules in petroleum affect their properties

Answer 30

Higher boiling points Higher viscosities Less volatile Burn less easily

Question 31

State uses for the 8 different fractions obtained when petroleum is refined industrially

Answer 31

Refinery gas - bottled gas for heating & cooking Gasoline - Petrol for cars Naptha - making chemicals Paraffin - aircraft fuel Diesel oil - fuel for diesel engines Fuel oil - fuel for ships & home heating systems Lubricating fraction - lubricants, waxes & polishes

Question 32

What are the uses of alkenes

Answer 32

Making plastics

Question 33

What are the uses of ethanol's

Answer 33

as a solvent | as a fuel

Question 34

What is a polymer

Answer 34

A large molecule built up from small units called monomers

Question 35

Explain what is meant by addition polymer

Answer 35

Made from a single monomer which has a c-c double bond Forms when the double bonds in alkene monomers break and the monomers join together

Question 36

What is meant by a condensation polymer

Answer 36

A polymer formed when one or two different monomers, each containing two functional groups, join together to form a chain A small molecule (usually water) is eliminated between each pair of monomers e.g. proteins, complex carbohydrates (Natural) Nylon, terylene (synthetic)