Nandu

Question 1

What is the importance of membrane potential?

Answer 1

Maintain a potential difference.
Difference in voltage between the inside of the cell and outside.

Question 2

Which electrolytes have high concentrations in the extracellular region?

Answer 2

Sodium and chloride.

Question 3

Which electrolytes have high concentrations in the intracellular regions?

Answer 3

Potassium and protein anions.

Question 4

Which electrolyte is very impermeable to cell membrane?

Answer 4

Na.

Question 5

Which electrolyte is very permeable to cell membrane?

Answer 5

K.

Question 6

What are two types of ion channels?

Answer 6

Ligand gated.
Mechanically gated.

Question 7

What are voltage gated channels for?

Answer 7

Give membrane ability to undergo AP.

Question 8

What are the local anaesthetics that prevent the generation of AP?

Answer 8

Procaine, lidocaine, xylocaine, and novocaine.

Question 9

What is tetrodotoxin?

Answer 9

Binds to VG channels and prevents Na component of AP.

Question 10

Which electrolyte makes the membrane potential negative on the inside?

Answer 10

K and proteins.

Question 11

What is the refractory period?

Answer 11

Period at which AP cannot be elicited.

Question 12

What is inside the extracellular fluid?

Answer 12

Interstitial fluid
Blood plasma.

Question 13

What do the kidneys regulate?

Answer 13

Blood cell synthesis.
BP regulation.
Blood volume.
Calcium metabolism.

Question 14

What do the kidneys synthesize?

Answer 14

Vitamin D.

Question 15

What is the formula for filtration pressure?

Answer 15

GCP-CP-COP.

Question 16

What is the normal GFR?

Answer 16

120ml/min.

Question 17

What does the GFR depend on?

Answer 17

Permeability of capillary walls.
Vascular pressure.
Filtration pressure.

Question 18

What is Acidosis?

Answer 18

pH of blood below 7.35.

Question 19

What is Alkalosis?

Answer 19

pH of blood above 7.45.

Question 20

How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

Answer 20

Secrete hydrogen ions.
Acidify phosphate salts.
Produce ammonia.

Question 21

What is erythropoitin?

Answer 21

Promotes production of RBC.

Question 22

What happens when a kidney disease occurs?

Answer 22

Problems which calcium and phosphate. No vitamin D synthesis, and anemia.

Question 23

Which arteries are more elastic?

Answer 23

The arteries that are closer to the heart, where BP is higher.

Question 24

What is a continuous capillary?

Answer 24

Do not have fenestrae.

Question 25

What is a fenestrated capillary?

Answer 25

Have pores.

Question 26

What is a sinusoidal capillary?

Answer 26

Large diameter with large fenestrae.

Question 27

What is the movement of fluid influenced by?

Answer 27

Blood pressure. Capillary permeability. Colloid pressure.

Question 28

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 28

Pushes things out.

Question 29

What is colloidal pressure?

Answer 29

Pushes things in.

Question 30

What causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 30

Cardiac Failure. Fluid overload.

Question 31

What causes a decrease in the colloidal oncotic pressure?

Answer 31

Nephrotic syndrome. Liver failure.

Question 32

What is edema?

Answer 32

Fluid trapped in the body's tissues.

Question 33

What is pitting edema?

Answer 33

Fluid moves away when compressed by fingers.

Question 34

What is non-pitting edema?

Answer 34

Lymphedema. Lymph is rich in protein, fluid does not move away when skin is compressed.

Question 35

Where would we find most of the blood?

Answer 35

Veins.

Question 36

Two ways to bring blood back to the heart?

Answer 36

Muscular pump. Respiratory pump.

Question 37

The atria and ventricles are seperated by what?

Answer 37

Fibrous tissue.

Question 38

What causes rapid depolarisation?

Answer 38

Na entry.

Question 39

What causes the plateau?

Answer 39

Ca entry.

Question 40

What causes repolarisation?

Answer 40

K loss.

Question 41

Where is the sinus node located?

Answer 41

Posterolateral wall of right atrium.

Question 42

What causes depolarisation and repolarisation in ECG?

Answer 42

Depolarisation = Contraction. Repolarisation = Relaxation.

Question 43

Where would we find the blood pressure?

Answer 43

Arch of aorta.

Question 44

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 44

Receptors that detect change in pressure.

Question 45

Where would we find baroreceptors?

Answer 45

Arch of aorta. Carotid artery.

Question 46

Organs of autoregulation?

Answer 46

Brain, liver, and kidney.

Question 47

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 47

Transport hemoglobin. Acid-base buffering of blood.

Question 48

Which enzyme do RBC's contain?

Answer 48

Carbonic anhydrase.

Question 49

After the age of 20, where would RBC's be produced?

Answer 49

Vertebra, sternum, ilia, and ribs.

Question 50

What substances are important for maturation of RBC's

Answer 50

Vitamin B12. Folic acid.

Question 51

Absence of vit B12 and folic acid causes what?

Answer 51

Macrocytes.

Question 52

What happens during pernicious anemia?

Answer 52

failure to absorb vitamin B12.

Question 53

What happens to RBC's in the spleen?

Answer 53

They self-destruct.

Question 54

What is polycythemia?

Answer 54

large quantities of RBC's in the blood.

Question 55

Which leucocyte is most?

Answer 55

Neutrophils.

Question 56

Which leucocytes are granulocytes?

Answer 56

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils.

Question 57

How do neutrophils function?

Answer 57

They move by diapedesis. WBCs are attracted to inflamed tissue areas by chemotaxis.

Question 58

How do eosinophils function?

Answer 58

Migrate into tissues diseased by parasites. Produced in large number in people with parasitic infections. Allergic reactions.

Question 59

How do basophils work?

Answer 59

Release histamine.

Question 60

What is hemostasis?

Answer 60

Prevention of blood loss. Blood clotting.

Question 61

What is inside the buffy coat?

Answer 61

Leucocytes and platelets.