Yaj - Post ICA

Question 1

What is a functional group?

Answer 1

Connected atoms that contribute to physiochemical properties and intrinsic activity of a parent molecule.

Question 2

What are functional groups categorized into?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates.
Proteins.
Lipids.

Question 3

What are the functional groups in glucose?

Answer 3

Carbonyl.
Hydroxyl.

Question 4

What is the carbonyl functional group?

Answer 4

Composed of a carbon atom that is double bonded to an oxygen atom.

Question 5

What are the two types of cabonyl?

Answer 5

Aldehyde - Glucose.
Ketone - Fructose.

Question 6

What is a hydroxyl functional group?

Answer 6

Contains an oxygen and hydrogen atom that are bonded together.

Question 7

What are amino acids?

Answer 7

Monomeric units of protein. All of them have a carboxyl group and an amino group that are bonded to the same carbon atom.

Question 8

The carboxyl group and amino groups participate in formation of what?

Answer 8

Peptide bonds.

Question 9

What are fatty acids?

Answer 9

Carboxylic acids that are attached to alkyl chains.

Question 10

Is the carbonyl group polar or non-polar, and is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 10

It is polar, and hydrophilic.

Question 11

What is central dogma?

Answer 11

When information in genes is used to produce proteins.

Question 12

What is replication?

Answer 12

Duplication of a DNA strand.

Question 13

Where does replication happen?

Answer 13

Nucleus - could also be in mitochondria.

Question 14

What enzyme separates/unwinds the DNA strands during replication?

Answer 14

Helicases.

Question 15

What protein keeps the DNA strands unwounded/separated?

Answer 15

SSB - Single Strand Binding protein.

Question 16

What enzyme regulates the replication process?

Answer 16

DNA polymerase.

Question 17

What is a leading strand in replication?

Answer 17

Synthesized in the 5’ - 3’ direction by DNA polymerase.

Question 18

What is the lagging strand?

Answer 18

Synthesized in the 3’ - 5’ direction - discontinuously.

Question 19

How is the lagging strand initiated?

Answer 19

By RNA primase.

Question 20

How is the primer of the lagging strand synthesized?

Answer 20

By enzyme primase.

Question 21

What is used as the start site for the DNA polymerase in lagging strand synthesis?

Answer 21

The primer of lagging strand.

Question 22

What are the short fragments in the lagging strand called?

Answer 22

Okazaki fragments.

Question 23

Which enzyme joins the short fragments together?

Answer 23

Enzyme ligase.

Question 24

What is a gene?

Answer 24

Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product - either RNA or protein.

Question 25

What is a genome?

Answer 25

Complete set of genetic material including all sets of genes.

Question 26

What is the mitochondrial genome?

Answer 26

Less complex, circular, lacks histones, maternal inheritance.

Question 27

What is transcription?

Answer 27

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. mRNA.

Question 28

What happens during initiation in transcription?

Answer 28

RNA polymerase binds to a region in the gene called a promoter.

Question 29

What is the process of initiation regulated by?

Answer 29

Proteins called transcription factors. Also by enhancer.

Question 30

What is elongation in transcription?

Answer 30

Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strands.

Question 31

What is 5' capping?

Answer 31

7-methylguanosine cap is added to 5'. By phosphate linkage.

Question 32

What is poly-A tail at 3' end?

Answer 32

An enzyme called poly-A polymerase adds 200 A residues.

Question 33

What is splicing?

Answer 33

Introns are removed. Exons are joined together.

Question 34

What is the mRNA?

Answer 34

Copy of a gene. Carries information stored in DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm.

Question 35

What is tRNA?

Answer 35

Transfer RNA. Carries amino acid elements of a protein to the appropriate place.

Question 36

What is rRNA?

Answer 36

Ribosomal RNA - sequences in mRNA so that ribosome can match with and bind to mRNA.

Question 37

What is degeneracy in terms of codons?

Answer 37

When one amino acid is encoded for by more than one codon.

Question 38

What is translation?

Answer 38

Decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide product.

Question 39

What is reverse transcription?

Answer 39

From RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase.

Question 40

What does adenine form bonds with?

Answer 40

Forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine and uracil.

Question 41

What does guanine form bonds with?

Answer 41

Forms three hydrogen bonds with cysteine.

Question 42

What is a transcriptome?

Answer 42

Full range of messenger RNA, or mRNA, molecules expressed by an organism.

Question 43

What is a proteome?

Answer 43

Complete set of proteins expressed by an organism.

Question 44

What are transposons?

Answer 44

Known as 'jumping genes' - Transposable elements.

Question 45

What are the two kinds of transposons?

Answer 45

TEs that require reverse transcription. TEs that do not require reverse transcription.

Question 46

What are the transposons that do require reverse transposons called?

Answer 46

Retrotransposons or class 1 TEs.

Question 47

What are the transposons that do not require reverse transposons called?

Answer 47

DNA transposons or class 2 TEs.