What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- warm, humidify and filter air
- Olfaction
- Help produce sound
- Provide O2 and remove CO2
- Acid-base balance (respiratory)
- Protective and relexic non-breathing air movements
- assisst circulation of blood and lymph towards the heart
- help adbominal muscles during defecation, partutition and lifting heavy objects
Give the 3 critical functions of the respiratory system
- Ventilation
- gas exchange
- ultilisation of oxygen
What features are in the upper respiratory tract according to anatomical division?
- nose
- nasopharynx
What features are in the lower respiratory tract according to anatomical division?
- Larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree (terminal bronchioles)
- alveolar ducts
- pulmonary alveoli
- alveolar sac
What features are in the upper respiratory tract according to functional division?
- nose (nasal cavity)
- nasopharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree (terminal bronchioles)
What features are in the lowerrespiratory tract according to functional division?
- alveolar ducts
- pulmonary alveoli
- alveolar sac
What are the functional divisions of the respiratory tract?
conducting and respiratory
What is the nose/nasal cavity?
A “box” made of bone and cartilage to hold the cavity open
What are the nares supported by?
cartilages
What is the function of the muscles around the nostrils?
- act as sphincters or dilators
- control tje diameter of the nares and adjust airflow (better at dilation)
blue = procerus
red = nasalis
green = levator labii superiosis alaeque nasi
What do the nostils lea immediately to?
the nasal vestibule
What are the nostrils lined by? And what is the function of this?
skin that has hair follicles
the first air filters
Describe the medial wall of the septum
A bone (vomer and ethmoid) posteriorly and cartilage anteriorly
What bones make up the medial wall of the septum?
Vomer and ethmoid
Purple = ethmoid
Green = vomer
Blue = cartilage
What makes up the roof od the septum?
nasa, frontal, ehtmoid and sphenoid bones
olfactory region
What makes up the floor of the septum?
palatine bones and maxilla
Red = nasal
blue = frontal
green = ethmoid
pink = sphenoid
black = hard and soft palate
What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal septum?
Conchae (turbinates)
What do concha form?
meatuses
What is the function of meatuses?
Increase surface area
form air channels
What open up into meatuses?
paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct
What is a turbinate?
bone and mucous membrane
What is the foramen caecum?
connection between nasal veins and superior sagittal sinus
What is found in the cribiform plate?
olfactory nerve
What travels through the sphenopalatine foramen?
- sphenopalatine artery (of the maxillary artery)
- nasopalatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve)
- superior nasal branches of the maxillary nerve
What travels through the samll foramina in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
inferior nasal branches from the greater palatine nerve (of the maxillary nerve)
What travels in the incisive canal?
nasopalatine nerve (nasal –> oral)
terminal end of the greater palatine artery (oral –> nasal)
blue = foramen caecum
green = cribiform plate
red = sphenopalatine foramen
Lower red line = incisive canal
What bones surrounfing the nasal cavity are evacuated by air sinuses?
- maxilla
- ethmoid
- frontal
- sphenoid
What is the function of paranasal sinuses?
lighten the skull
What nerve innervates the paranasal sinuses?
branches of the trigeminal nerve
Where does the frontal sinus/frontonasal duct drain into?
ethmoidal infundibulum (middle meatus)
Where does the maxillary sinus drain into?
middle meatus
Where do the middle and anterior ethmoid sinuses drain into?
on bulla ethmoidalis and ethmoidal infundibulum then into the middle meatus
Where does the posterior ethmoid sinus drain into?
superior meatus
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain into?
spheno-ethmoidal recess –> superior meatus
Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into ?
inferior meatus
Blue = frontal sinus/ frontonasal duct
green = maxillary sinus
purple = middle and anterior ethmoid sinuses
purple = posterior ehtmoid sinus
red = sphenoid sinus
black = nasolacrimal duct
What is the arterial supply of the nasal cavity?
- terminal branches of the maxillary and facial arteries (branches of external carotid)
- ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery (branches of the internal carotid artery)
What is the arterial supply of the septum?
- sphenopalatine artery (of maxillary artery)
- anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery (of opthalmic artery)
- branches from the greater palatine
- superior labial artery
- Kisselbachs area of the septum
What is Kiesselbach’s area a site for?
Epitaxis
What is Kiesselbach’s area the site of anastomosis between?
- anterior ethmoidal artery,
- posterior ethmoidal artery,
- sphenopalatine artery,
- greater palatine artery,
- the septal branch of the superior labial artery.
What is the arterial supply of the frontal sinus?
supra-orbital artery
anterior ethmoidal artery
What is the arterial supply of the ethmoid sinuses
anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery
sphenopalatine artery
Red = sphenopalatine
blue = anterior ethmoidal
green = superior labial artery
black = greater palatine
What is the arterial supply of sphenoid sinus?
posterior ethmoidal artery
What is the arterial supply of the maxillary sinus
infraorbital and superior alveolar branches of maxillary a., greater palatine a., facial a.
What veins allow the spread of infection from the cranial cavity to the nasal cavity?
emissary
What veins are found in the infratemporal fossa>
pterygoid plexus of veins
Where are emissary veins located?
foramen caecum
where does the superior opthalmic vein travel to?
cavernous sinus
Where does the anterior aspect of the nasal cavity drain to?
submandibular nodes
Where does the lymph of the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity drain to?
Via retropharyngeal nodes to the upper deep cervical nodes
- jugoldiagastric is palpable if inflammed
What is the nerve supply of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
opthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) divisions of the trigeminal nerve
What cranial nerve is the trigeminal nerve?
5th
What is the path of V1 on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
nasocillary → mainly anterior ethmoidal nerve → nasal branches
What is the path of V2 on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
nasal branches, mainly greater palatine nerve
What nerve is the nasal septum supplied by?
opthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve
What is the path of V1 on the nasal septum?
anterior ethmoidal –> septal branches
What is the path of the V2 on the nasal septum
mainly nasopalatine nerve
Black = olfactory region
red = anterior ethmoidal nerve
blue = greater palatine nerve
What is the nerve supply of the frontal sinus
supra-orbital nerve
What is the nerve supply of ethmoidal cells
masocilliary nerve
What is the nerve supply of the sphenoid sinus
posterior ethmoidal nerve
What is the nerve supply of the maxillary sinus
V2 - infra-orbitalmiddle and anterior superior alveolar n.
V2 - posterior superior alveolar n.
What are the oval sahped openings between the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx called?
choanae
Where does the nasopharynx extend?
from the choanae to the level of the soft palate
What is the nasopharynx?
posterior aspect of the nasal cavity and part of the pharynx
What is the function of the nasopharynx?
serves only as an air passageway between nasal cavity and oropharynx
Describe the choanae
- rigid
- horizontal plate of palatine bone
- medial plate of pterygoid process
- divided by vomer
What opening is on the infero-lateral wall of the nasopharynx?
pharyngotympanic (auditory, Eustachian) tube
pharyngotympanic (auditory, Eustachian) tube
What are found around the opening of the pharyngotympanic (auditory, Eustachian) tube
tubal tonsils
What muscles run between torus tubaris and pharynx and palate?
Salpingopharyngeus and Salpingopalatine muscles
What is on the roof of the nasopharynx?
lymphoid tonsillar tissue - pharyngeal tonsil, adenoid
Red = tubal tonsils
blue = pharyngeal tonsil, adenoid
blue = torus tubaris
black = Salpingopharyngeal and Salpingopalatine folds
Where is the pharyngeal recess?
behind the auditory tube - fossa of Rosenmuller
What is the most common site of cranipharyngioma?
fossa of Rosenmuller/Pharyngeal recuess
Where do adenhypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary gland) develop from?
Rathke’s puch
Where do tonsils form a lymphatic ring? And what is the name of this ring
around the openings of the respiratory and GI Tract
Waldeyer’s ring
What does inflammation and swelling of the pharyngeal tonsils lead to?
obstruct the airway and may lead to mouth breathing
What may enlargement of the tubal tonsil cause?
may obstruct the pharygotympanic tube and cause middle ear infections
