NASM Exam Ch 5-6 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
The ___ ___ ___ includes an integration of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
A
human movement system
2
Q
The ___ ___ provides sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information.
A
nervous system
3
Q
The ____ is the functional unit of the nervous system
A
neuron
4
Q
The ____ ____ includes the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system)
A
nervous system
5
Q
The ____ (somatic and autonomic nervous system) contains different types of sensory receptors such as mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
A
PNS
6
Q
The muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ are two important____ ____ (mechanoreceptors).
A
sensory receptors
7
Q
The PNS contains two subdivisions: the ____ and ____ nervous systems.
A
somatic and autonomic
8
Q
The nervous system requires different ____ for proper function, which include sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water.
A
electrolytes
9
Q
Motor skill development often occurs in three stages: ___, ___, and ___.
A
cognitive, associative, and autonomous.
10
Q
The ___ ___ develops as humans age from childhood to adulthood
A
nervous system
11
Q
The skeletal system has two divisions: ____ and ____.
A
axial and appendicular
12
Q
____ ____ act as attachment sites and levers (rigid rods) to produce movement when muscles contract.
A
Human bones
13
Q
Bone growth occurs throughout life and remodels itself with specialized cells called ____ and ____.
A
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
14
Q
There are five categories of bones:___, ___, ___, ___ and ___.
A
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
15
Q
The ___ ___ has five distinct regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
A
vertebral column
16
Q
In between each vertebra is an___ ___ that acts as a shock absorber and assists with movement.
A
intervertebral disc
17
Q
____ are formed by one bone articulating with another and can be categorized by their shape, structure, and function.
A
Joints
18
Q
____ describes bone movement, and ___ describes movement at
the joint surface.
A
Osteokinematics arthrokinematics
19
Q
___ ___ are unique with a synovial capsule but also contain other connective tissues, such as ligaments and fascia that provide support.
A
Synovial joints
20
Q
___ ___ have six classifications: gliding (plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot,
and ball-and-socket joints.
A
Synovial joints
21
Q
___ and ___ ___ can have a major positive impact on bone mass with the
aging adult.
A
Exercise and proper nutrition
22
Q
The ____ system links the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force to move the human body.
A
muscular
23
Q
Muscles have a complex structure that includes different layers of connective tissue that
surround the ___ ___ ___.
A
contractile muscle fibers
24
Q
____ consists of repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments actin and myosin, which create the muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory. Adenosine triphosphate is also needed to create energy for this process.
A
Myofibrils
25
___-___ ___ describes the steps in the muscle contraction process
involving the nervous and muscular systems.
Excitation-contraction coupling
26
The electrolyte calcium and neurotransmitter acetylcholine are involved in the
excitation-___-___ ___
contraction coupling process
27
The all-or-nothing principle describes how a ___ ___ either maximally contracts or does not contract at all.
motor unit
28
Muscles involved with fine motor skills have motor units with fewer ___ ___. Motor units involved in gross motor control have motor units with more___ ___.
innervated fibers
29
____, slow-twitch, muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue resistant.
Type I
30
____, fast-twitch, muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue quickly.
Type II
31
The ____ system is comprised of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.
cardiorespiratory
32
The ____ system is comprised of the respiratory airways, lungs, and respiratory
muscles.
respiratory
33
The heart is contained in an area referred to as the ____.
mediastinum
34
A normal heart rate ranges from ___ to ___ beats per minute.
60 to 100
35
Each side of the heart has two chambers: an ___ and a ___.
atrium and a ventricle.
36
The body will___ the heart rate in response to exercise and ___ the heart rate during sleep.
increase decrease
37
The _____ _____ system of the heart is responsible for its function and begins with the sinoatrial node, which is in the right atrium.
electrical conduction
38
The___ ___ is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart and sends the electrical signal to the trioventricular node and ultimately into the ventricles
sinoatrial node
39
The right atrium gathers ___ blood returning to the heart from the body and
then sends it to the right ventricle and to the lungs for oxygenation
deoxygenated
40
The left atrium receives ___ blood from the lungs and sends it to the left ventricle to be pumped out into the body.
oxygenated
41
Special ___ are present in the heart to ensure that blood is pumped in a one-way
fashion.
valves
42
The___ ___ transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the
lungs, whereas the pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
left atrium.
pulmonary artery
43
As part of the normal integrated functioning of the ___ system, the carbon dioxide from the deoxygenated blood pumped into the lungs from the right ventricle is ultimately expelled to the environment through normal expiration.
cardiorespiratory
44
___ ___ is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.
Stroke volume
45
___-___ ___ is the volume of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction, whereas the ___-___ ___ is the amount of blood present in the ventricle after
contraction.
End-diastolic volume end-systolic volume
46
___ ___ is ultimately a product of end-systolic volume minus end-diastolic volume.
Stroke volume
47
___ ___ is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute and is a function of both heart rate and stroke volume.
Cardiac output
48
Normal blood pressure is a systolic less than _____with a diastolic of less than ____.
120 mm Hg 80 mm Hg
49
____ transport blood away from the heart to the body, whereas ___ transport blood back to the heart, and capillaries function as an exchange channel between the vessels and bodily tissues.
Arteries veins
50
____ (___)is divided into two phases, referred to as inspiration and expiration.
Breathing (ventilation)
51
The____ system is tasked with bringing in oxygen, filtering air from inspiration, and subsequently oxygenating blood from the heart as well as exhaling carbon dioxide
respiratory
52
A normal respiratory rate is ___ to ___ breaths per minute and relies on the primary respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals).
12 to 16
53
During ___ ___, active contraction of respiratory muscles occurs, whereas
relaxation occurs during expiration
normal inspiration
54
During forced or heavy breathing, expiratory ventilation relies on secondary muscles to
compress the ___ ___ and force air out.
55
___ is a term used to describe the process of getting oxygen from the environment
to the body’s tissues
Diffusion
56
Abnormal breathing patterns will affect exercise performance and may be identified by
shallow breaths, which often are associated with the use of secondary respiratory muscles (___ ___ ___).
sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, or scalenes)
57
A respiratory rate of less than 8 breaths per minute would be considered too slow (____), whereas a rate of greater than 24 breaths per minute is considered too
high (____).
bradypnea tachypnea
58
The ____ system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones.
endocrine
59
When ____ are released into the bloodstream, they are protected by transporters, which carry them to the intended organ or structure, where they bind with a receptor to stimulate a particular function.
hormones
60
The ____ and ____ glands control a majority of functions for the endocrine system.
hypothalamus and pituitary
61
____, which is stimulated by the adrenal cortex, may be used to aid in recovery from exercise and as a marker of overtraining.
Cortisol
62
___ and ___ both function to control blood glucose levels and work opposite to each other; glucagon aids in the metabolism of glucose, and insulin aids in the cellular uptake and storage of glucose.
Insulin and glucagon
63
The ____, which consists of epinephrine and norepinephrine, are immediately stimulated from the adrenal medulla in response to exercise.
catecholamines
64
____, considered a catabolic hormone, is produced by the adrenal cortex and is sensitive to blood sugar and sleep.
Cortisol,
65
Although ____ levels decline with age, they can be stimulated through intense exercise.
testosterone
66
Growth hormones are responsible for growth and development as well as ____ and are produced from the ____ gland.
lipolysis pituitary
67
One of the most potent of the____ hormones is insulin-like growth factor, which is produced by the liver in response to growth hormones binding on liver receptors.
anabolic
68
Testosterone, growth hormones, and insulin-like growth factors are stimulated in response to ____ resistance training as well as vigorous ____ activity (e.g., high-intensity training styles).
anaerobic aerobic
69
____ hormones serve numerous functions in the body, including metabolism and increasing bone mineral density through the secretion of calcitonin.
Thyroid
70
____ ____ is a necessary requirement for glucose metabolism, hormone function,
and muscle recovery.
Adequate sleep
71
The _____ system consists of the oral cavity (head and mouth), the upper GI system (stomach, small intestine [duodenum, jejunum, and ileum], and the lower GI tract (large intestine, rectum, and anus), as well as the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
digestive
72
The _____ system is comprised of the heart, blood, blood vessels, and lungs.
cardiorespiratory
73
Ingested foods and liquids are first processed in the oral cavity where mastication (the mechanical process of chewing and breaking down food) begins the ____ process.
digestive
74
Once the food is broken down, it passes through the esophagus into the stomach where gastric juices aid in ____, kill bacteria, and turn food into ____, which is then passed into the small intestine.
digestion chyme
75
The ____ intestine has a key function of absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, calcium,
amino acids, and iron. Additionally,___including water, are absorbed into the small intestines.
small electrolytes
76
The ____ intestine absorbs electrolytes and vitamins and serves to pass waste from
nondigested food into the rectum.
large
77
While fluids are absorbed into both the small and large intestine, the ___ intestine
uses water to help pass waste into the rectum.
large
78
The liver, gall bladder, and pancreas produce and store ___ ___, which are
secreted into the small intestine to help with digestion.
digestive juices
79
Evidence suggests that exercise can improve ___ function by increasing transit time of food from the upper to the lower GI tracts.
digestive
80
Movement is described in three dimensions that are based on planes, which include the
. ___, ___, and ___ planes.
sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes
81
___ describes the observable movement of a limb, whereas ___
describes the movement taking place at the joint itself.
Osteokinematic arthrokinematics
82
____ is described using biomechanical terminology that is universal to all
professions in the allied health industry.
Movement
83
The ____ plane is an imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides.
Movements in the ____ plane include flexion and extension and plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle.
sagittal
84
The____ plane bisects the body to create front and back halves. Movements in the
____ plane includes abduction and adduction of the limbs (relative to the trunk), lateral flexion of the spine, and eversion and inversion at the foot and ankle complex.
frontal
85
The ____ plane bisects the body to create upper and lower halves. Movements in
the ____ plane include internal rotation and external rotation for the limbs, right
and left rotation for the head and trunk, horizontal abduction and horizontal adduction
of the limbs, and radioulnar pronation and supination.
transverse
86
Motions of the ____ include scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular
depression, and scapular elevation.
scapulae
87
____ actions are described as isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic.
Muscle
88
____ muscle actions can be broken down into the concentric and eccentric phases.
Isotonic
89
Muscles can play the role of ___, ___, ___, or ____depending on the movement being performed.
agonist, synergist, stabilizer, or antagonist
90
____-____ movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object, whereas
____-____ movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space.
Closed-chain open-chain
91
Placing a muscle in a shortened position or lengthening a muscle beyond the optimal length may reduce force output because optimal length is the position with a maximal overlap of ___ and ___ filaments.
actin and myosin
92
The stretch-shortening cycle involves three phases, which include the ___ phase,
___ phase, and ___ phase.
eccentric, amortization, concentric
93
The term ___-___ is used to describe muscles that work in a synergistic function
around a joint.
force-couple
94
The local system involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine
and provide stability for the ___.
muscular LPHC
95
The global muscle system can be broken down into subsystems, which include the ___, ___, ___, and ___ subsystems.
deep longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral
96
The ___ describes the integrated function of muscle groups to transfer force for complex multi-joint movements and stabilization of the HMS.
subsystems
97
The amount of force produced by the ___ relies on not only muscle recruitment but
also the lever type of the joint that is moving.
HMS
98
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___ systems are classified as first, second, and third class. Third-class ___ are the
most predominate levers in the human body.
```
Lever levers
99
___ ___ describe the cooperative function of multiple muscles recruited by the
nervous system to complete a given movement pattern.
Muscle synergies
100
____is the intrinsic awareness of movement and body position in space.
Proprioception
101
____ can come from internal or external sources and aids the process of motor
learning.
Feedback
102
___ ___ is the integration of motor control processes, with practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Motor learning
103
The human body needs a constant supply of ___ to function properly and meet the
demands of exercise.
energy
104
The energy molecule used to do cellular work is called ____ ____ ,
and it is made from food substrates consumed in the diet.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
105
The first law of ___ states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form into another.
thermodynamics
106
The fuels used to create ___ are glucose from carbohydrates, free fatty acids from fat, amino acids from protein, and ketone bodies. These fuels are mostly obtained through the diet.
ATP
107
____ in the diet are broken down into glucose, which can produce ATP quickly
via the process of glycolysis.
Carbohydrates
108
___ is stored in the form of ___; the amount of ___ that can be stored in
the body is much less than the amount of fat that can be stored.
Glucose glycogen
