Nation and Empire Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
French revo paved the way for what?
A
Modern nation state
2
Q
Liberalism
A
is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. The former principle is stressed in classical liberalism while the latter is more evident in social liberalism.[1
3
Q
G. W. Friedrich Hegel.
A
The key exponent of the modern idea of the nation-state was the German G. W. Friedrich Hegel. He argued that a sense of nationality was the cement that held modern societies together in the age when dynastic and religious allegiance was in decline.
4
Q
Habsburg empire and nationalism
A
Within the Habsburg empire the different peoples developed a more mass-based, violent and exclusive form of nationalism. This developed even among the Germans and Magyars, who actually benefited from the power-structure of the empire.
5
Q
Atlantic slave trade
A
1450-1850
6
Q
Berlin conference
A
1884-85
7
Q
What was the Berlin conference?
A
The Berlin Conference of 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference (German: Kongokonferenz) or West Africa Conference (Westafrika-Konferenz),[1] regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany’s sudden emergence as an imperial power. Called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.[2]
8
Q
Who was involved in berlin conference
A
otto von Bismarck
king leopold II
9
Q
When was the whole of Africa colonialised
A
1914
10
Q
When did Italy unify
A
1861
11
Q
When did Germany unify
A
1871
12
Q
Who was a new power
A
Berlin
13
Q
What did these unifications create
A
A volatile system of rivalries and alliance
14
Q
neo imperialism
A
The New Imperialism (sometimes Neoimperialism or Neo-imperialism) was a period of colonial expansion—and its accompanying ideologies—by the European powers, the United States of America and the Empire of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By some accounts, it began as early as 1830, and may have lasted until World War II. The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At the time, states focused on building their empire with new technological advances and developments, making their territory bigger through conquest, and exploiting their resources.
The qualifier “new” is to contrast with the earlier wave of European colonization from the 15th to early 19th centuries or imperialism in general.
15
Q
Britain vs france for which country
A
Egpyt
16
Q
Napoloeonic expedition - French campaign in Egypt and Syria
A
The French Campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was Napoleon Bonaparte’s campaign in the Orient, ostensibly to protect French trade interests, undermine Britain’s access to India, and to establish scientific enterprise in the region. It was the primary purpose of the Mediterranean campaign of 1798, a series of naval engagements that included the capture of Malta.
Despite many decisive victories and an initially successful expedition into Syria, Napoleon and his Armée d’Orient were eventually forced to withdraw by the British army, after sowing political disharmony in France, conflict in Europe, and suffering the defeat of the supporting French fleet at the Battle of the Nile.
17
Q
Why british occupation
A
muhammed alis successors Abba I was killed and said his uncle died so ismail reigned got into much debt from vast reforms and personal extravagance. Got fianance from a firman? Then got titled kedivate of Egypt and ruled until 1879. This ended with napoleaon III lending 3.8 mill? Plus was in etheopia left tremendous debt to European powers. There was a revolt and Britain occupied
18
Q
suez canal
A
opened in 1869 under French control
19
Q
British occupation egypt
A
1882-1922
20
Q
French occupation egypt
A
1798-1801
21
Q
fashoda incident
A
The Fashoda Incident or Crisis was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The two armies met on friendly terms but back in Europe it became a war scare. The British held firm as Britain and France were on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco. France was humiliated by the result.[1][2]
It ended in a diplomatic victory for the British as the French realized that in the long run they needed friendship with Britain in case of a war between France and Germany. It was the last crisis between the two that involved a threat of war (until 1940) and opened the way for closer relations in the Entente cordiale in 1904. It gave rise to the ‘Fashoda syndrome’ in French foreign policy, or seeking to assert French influence in areas which might be becoming susceptible to British influence.[3]
22
Q
From legitimate commerce to territorial occupation
•
A
• More direct control over merchants at times of reduced profitability territorial control and taxation • Merchants requesting protection and support against international competitors • Need to expand markets for European manufacturers to the interior and increase imports of raw materials (rubber).
23
Q
france v germany
A
The erosion of British hegemony after the Franco-Prussian War, in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France, was occasioned by changes in the European and world economies and in the continental balance of power following the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, established by the Congress of Vienna. The establishment of nation-states in Germany and Italy resolved territorial issues that had kept potential rivals embroiled in internal affairs at the heart of Europe, to Britain’s advantage. The years from 1871 to 1914 would be marked by an extremely unstable peace. France’s determination to recover Alsace-Lorraine, annexed by Germany as a result of the Franco-Prussian War, and Germany’s mounting imperialist ambitions would keep the two nations constantly poised for conflict.[3]
24
Q
Caisse de la Dette
A
Egypt: Ismāʿīl, 1863–79
…in the last years of Ismāʿīl’s reign. Various expedients to postpone bankruptcy (e.g., the khedive’s sale in 1875 of his Suez Canal shares to Britain) had failed, and in 1876 the Caisse de la Dette Publique (Commission of the Public Debt) was established for the service of the Egyptian debt. Its members were nominated by France, Britain, Austria, and Italy.
25
Mining frontiers: Southern Afric
• South Africa: British and Boer (Dutch) settlers • Discovery of diamonds in Kimberley (1869) and gold in Witwatersrand (1886) • Cecil Rhodes and De Beers • Boer wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902 annexation of Orange Free State and Transvaal)
26
fashoda incident
The Fashoda Incident or Crisis was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The two armies met on friendly terms but back in Europe it became a war scare. The British held firm as Britain and France were on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco. France was humiliated by the result.[1][2]
It ended in a diplomatic victory for the British as the French realized that in the long run they needed friendship with Britain in case of a war between France and Germany. It was the last crisis between the two that involved a threat of war (until 1940) and opened the way for closer relations in the Entente cordiale in 1904. It gave rise to the 'Fashoda syndrome' in French foreign policy, or seeking to assert French influence in areas which might be becoming susceptible to British influence.[3]
27
Angra pequena
First discovered by Europeans in 1487 by the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias, it was made into a trading station by German trader Adolf Lüderitz in 1883 who renamed it Lüderitz and concluded treaties with the neighbouring chiefs, who ceded large tracts of country to the newcomers. Under the belief that Britain was about to claim the area as a protectorate, Lüderitz transferred his rights over Angra Pequena on 24 April 1884 to the German Imperial Government, and on the following 7 August Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proclaimed a German protectorate over the station and the surrounding area.
Renamed Lüderitzbucht (Lüderitz Bay) by the Germans, the location then became a naval base for German South West Africa, modern day Namibia.
Islands off the coast of Angra Pequena, rich in guano deposits, were annexed by Great Britain in 1867 and added to Cape Colony in 1874.
28
france v germany
The erosion of British hegemony after the Franco-Prussian War, in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France, was occasioned by changes in the European and world economies and in the continental balance of power following the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, established by the Congress of Vienna. The establishment of nation-states in Germany and Italy resolved territorial issues that had kept potential rivals embroiled in internal affairs at the heart of Europe, to Britain's advantage. The years from 1871 to 1914 would be marked by an extremely unstable peace. France’s determination to recover Alsace-Lorraine, annexed by Germany as a result of the Franco-Prussian War, and Germany’s mounting imperialist ambitions would keep the two nations constantly poised for conflict.[3]
29
Repression of Egyption revolt
1882
30
Britain vs. Germany:
1883: Angra Pequena incident ‘The German colonies were the accidental by-product of an abortive Franco-German entente’ (A.J.P. Taylor)
31
The economics of partition
‘Spread’ of industrialization and increased competition • Economic instability (1870s-1890s); ‘Great Depression’ (1873-1879): Declining profits, increased competition, instability, price fluctuations • From ‘free trade’ to ‘protectionism’ • REGIONAL TRAJECTORIES
32
From legitimate commerce to territorial occupation
| •
• More direct control over merchants at times of reduced profitability territorial control and taxation • Merchants requesting protection and support against international competitors • Need to expand markets for European manufacturers to the interior and increase imports of raw materials (rubber).
33
The Royal Niger Company
The Royal Niger Company was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. It was formed in 1879 as the United African Company and renamed to National African Company in 1881 and to Royal Niger Company in 1886.
The company existed for a comparatively short time (1879–1900) but was instrumental in the formation of Colonial Nigeria, as it enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck during the 1890s. In 1900, the company-controlled territories became the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, which was in turn united with the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914 (which eventually gained independence within the same borders as the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1960).
34
East Africa: ivory and rubber
• The Sultanate of Zanzibar and Indian Ocean slave trade (1870s) • The prices of ivory and rubber did not decline like those of West African palm produces. • Smaller role of merchants and chartered companies
35
Mining frontiers: Southern Afric
• South Africa: British and Boer (Dutch) settlers • Discovery of diamonds in Kimberley (1869) and gold in Witwatersrand (1886) • Cecil Rhodes and De Beers • Boer wars (1880-1881 and 1899-1902 annexation of Orange Free State and Transvaal)
36
Colonialism(s)
• Order and administration • Taxation • Infrastructures • Serve the economic goals described in the previous section
37
types of colonies
1) Cash crop colonies (Ghana, Nigeria)
2) Settler colonies (Kenya, Uganda)
3) Concession colonies (Belgian Congo)
38
Imagined communities
Imagined communities is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson. An imagined community is different from an actual community because it is not (and, for practical reasons, cannot be) based on everyday face-to-face interaction between its members. For example, Anderson believes that a nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group.[1]:6–7
Anderson's book, Imagined Communities, in which he explains the concept in depth, was first published in 1983, and reissued with additional chapters in 1991 and a further revised version in 2006.
39
What is a people?
The Germans have the idea that it is based on a common ancestry, the French on being born on a particular territory. It is a concept based on the ideas, institutions and culture of the ruling elite in a particular area and in our times has come to be centred on the use of a particular language. This is a very recent development. At the time of Italian unification in the 1860s, no more than 2½% of the population of the peninsula spoke Italian
40
The French revolution as modern
The revolution as marker of modernity Political language State and nation Citizenship Violence (terror) Warfare Religion
41
3 estates
the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the common people (Third Estate) - 3rd could never win cos first 2 stuck together
42
national assembly 1789
On 10 June 1789, Abbé Sieyès moved that the Third Estate, now meeting as the Communes (English: "Commons") proceed with verifying its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part, but not to wait for them. They proceeded to do so two days later, completing the process on 17 June.[29] Then they voted a measure far more radical, declaring themselves the National Assembly, an assembly not of the Estates but of "the People." They invited the other orders to join them, but made it clear they intended to conduct the nation's affairs with or without them.[30]
In an attempt to keep control of the process and prevent the Assembly from convening, Louis XVI ordered the closure of the Salle des États where the Assembly met, making an excuse that the carpenters needed to prepare the hall for a royal speech in two days. Weather did not allow an outdoor meeting, so the Assembly moved their deliberations to a nearby indoor real tennis court, where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath (20 June 1789) under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution.[31]
A majority of the representatives of the clergy soon joined them, as did 47 members of the nobility. By 27 June, the royal party had overtly given in, although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles. Messages of support for the Assembly poured in from Paris and other French cities.[31]
43
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, August 1789 (here in a version for popular distribution by a printer in Orléans)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights.[1] The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it.[2] Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by law. It is included in the preamble of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired in part by the American Revolution, and also by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French revolution and had a major impact on the development of liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide.[3]
The declaration, together with the American Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights, inspired the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights for a large part.[4]
44
Nation state
A nation state is a geographical area that can be identified as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign nation.[1] A state is a political and geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The term "nation state" implies that the two coincide, but "nation state" formation can take place at different times in different parts of the world.
The concept of a nation state can be compared and contrasted with that of the multinational state, city state,[2][3][4] empire, confederation, and other state formations with which it may overlap. The key distinction is the identification of a people with a polity in the "nation state."
45
simple nation state
The nation state is a certain form of state that has a territory where mainly one nation lives. The state is a political entity (the government, etc.); the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term "nation state" means that the two are on the same territory, and this distinguishes the nation state from the other types of state, which existed before.[1]
46
Antisemitism in Europe
The rise of modern antisemitism together with the rise of nationalism and the nation state had brought a wave of antisemitism as Jews struggled to gain their rights as equal citizens. In Germany this brought up the Hep-Hep riots in 1819 when the Jews of Bavaria were attacked for claiming their civilian rights.
One of the most famous incidents of the 19th century was the Dreyfus affair, when a French officer of Jewish origin, Alfred Dreyfus, was accused in high treason. The trial had sparked a wave of antisemitism in France, and eventually Dreyfus was found innocent of the charges in 1906. The affair greatly inspired Theodor Herzl.
47
European spring of nations 1848
The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples[3] or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed.
The revolutions were essentially bourgeois-democratic in nature with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and the creation of independent national states. The revolutionary wave began in France in February, and immediately spread to most of Europe and parts of Latin America. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries. Six factors were involved: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; demands for freedom of press; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism; and finally, the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the peasants.[4]
The uprisings were led by shaky ad hoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, and the Austrian Empire, but did not reach Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and most of southern Europe (Spain, Serbia,[5] Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire).[6]
48
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in the United Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, and which are claimed to have applied biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics.[1][2] Social Darwinists generally argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. Different social Darwinists have different views about which groups of people are the strong and the weak, and they also hold different opinions about the precise mechanism that should be used to promote strength and punish weakness. Many such views stress competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism, while others motivated ideas of eugenics, racism, imperialism,[3] fascism, Nazism, and struggle between national or racial groups.[4][
49
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer's ideas, like those of evolutionary progressivism, stemmed from his reading of Thomas Malthus, and his later theories were influenced by those of Darwin. However, Spencer's major work, Progress: Its Law and Cause (1857) was released two years before the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and First Principles was printed in 1860.
In The Social Organism (1860), Spencer compares society to a living organism and argues that, just as biological organisms evolve through natural selection, society evolves and increases in complexity through analogous processes.[21]
50
How does Pitt Rivers arrange his collections
It is done by type of object- eg knife from around the world but it is strange by progressive development. Changed the way of ordering stuff
51
Why did Dreyfus and family leave Alsace Lorraine
Prussia annexed it post Franco Prussian war 1870 and they took patriotic position and exile themselves from it
52
What happened in 1894
Cleaner found list of documents in bin prepared by French spy to hand over German command. Betrayal of French military intelligence, security. France insecure and looking for revenge. Worrying about French culture. Having a traitor cuts to soul of French identity
53
French army
In transitional stage. Was conservative and aristocratically run. Under Republic -3rd Republic. Bring modernised, updated, new types officers trained in military tactics. Educated officers. Not there by birth anymore. Causes a wider conflict. Rise of meritocracy
54
Why was Dreyfus suspected?
Jewish, outsider, didn't make friends convo easily. Doesn't fit in easily. Didn't take honourable solution- left in room with revolver to commit suicide. Then court-martialled and convicted.
55
What led to conviction of Dreyfus
Largely due to Joseph Henry. His belief that you can't ever trust a Jew to be loyal to France as they have other loyalties. So convinced Dreyfus is guilty. Compares handwriting. Then deduces Dreyfus guilty by handwriting expert
56
Religion in affair
Crucifix in courtroom- suggestive of church involvement
57
Degradation of Dreyfus
Takes place in morlan court of the military school in Paris. Drum rolling. Dreyfus taken before officer of state who read judgment of guilt. Republican guard strips him if badges etc. Dreyfus maintained innocence throughout. Vive or France long live the army
58
Where was Dreyfus exiled to
Devils island - kept solitary confinement. Can't sit or lie down. Forced hard labour- classed as civilised way of dealing with traitor
59
Date of degradation
1895
60
Any support for Dreyfus
Brother tried got little support
61
Jewish emancipation
Jewish emancipation was the external and internal process in various nations in Europe of eliminating disabilities under which Jewish people were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights on a communal not merely individual basis.[1] It included efforts within the community to integrate in their societies as citizens. It occurred gradually between the late 18th century and the early 20th century. Jewish emancipation followed the Age of Enlightenment and the concurrent Jewish enlightenment.[2] Various nations repealed or superseded previous discriminatory laws applied specifically against Jews where they resided. Before the emancipation, most Jews were isolated in residential areas from the rest of the society; emancipation was a major goal of European Jews of that time, who worked within their communities to achieve integration in the majority societies and broader education. Many became active politically and culturally within wider European civil society as Jews gained full citizenship. They emigrated to countries offering better social and economic opportunities, such as Britain and the Americas. Later, especially when faced with oppressive regimes such as the Russian Empire or continuing anti-Semitism, some European Jews turned to revolutionary movements such as Socialism and Zionism.
62
what did emancipation cause
The emancipation of the Jews enabled them to own land, enter the civil service, and serve as officers in the national armed forces. It created the impression for some others—particularly those who felt left behind, traumatized by change, or unable to achieve occupational satisfaction and economic security in accordance with their expectations—that Jews were displacing non-Jews in professions traditionally reserved for Christians. It also created for some the impression that at the same time, Jews were being overrepresented in future-oriented professions of the late nineteenth century: finance, banking, trade, industry, medicine, law, journalism, art, music, literature, and theater.
63
Army does what to deflect from media attention
Arranges trial of esterhazy in January 1898. He is innocent and acquitted so guilt rebounds even more to Dreyfus- the point when case becomes an affair
64
antisemites
These new "antisemites," as they called themselves, drew upon older stereotypes to maintain that the Jews behaved the way they did—and would not change—because of innate racial qualities inherited from the dawn of time. Drawing as well upon the pseudoscience of racial eugenics, they argued that the Jews spread their so-called pernicious influence to weaken nations in Central Europe not only by political, economic, and media methods, but also literally by "polluting" so-called pure Aryan blood by intermarriage and sexual relations with non-Jews. They argued that Jews did this deliberately in order to sap the will and ability of Germans or Frenchmen or Hungarians to resist a biologically determined "Jewish drive" for world domination.
65
What happens to Zola
He had to flee as he was to be put on trial for naming people in letter. He's put on trial in his absence and found guilty
66
What happened due to this affair in May 1898
Elections confirm anti revisionist parliament
67
What happened with Henry who originally accused Dreyfus
Kept trying to find evidence, eventually forged evidence. They are discovered. He is arrested and commuted suicide. His widow then shows herself as a poor figure.
68
Did wife of Henry get support?
Yes many letters written to her and a promise to donate to her. Many anti-Semitic remarks. It represents the anti-senitism. Riots and attacks on Jews across France.
69
1898-1900
Violence on streets against Jews.
70
The ligue de la patrie française
The League of la patrie française is a French political organization, founded nationalist orientation on 31 December 1898 as part of theDreyfus affair, bringing together intellectuals and worldly antidreyfusard : academics, such as François Coppée, Jules Lemaître and Paul Bourget, Member of theInstitut de France, artists and writers in sight: Maurice Barrès, the painters Edgar Degas and Auguste Renoir, the novelist Jules Verne , the poets José-Maria de Heredia and Pierre Louÿs, the composer Vincent d'Indy, the painter and designer Jean-Louis Forain, Caran d'Ache, the cartoonist Job, Frédéric Mistral, Théodore Botrel, etc.
71
President Faure
dies is replaced by loubet a more favourable to retrial dreyfus 1899. Found guilty again on split decisision. Grants Dreyfus a pardon which dreyfus is hesitant to accept due to it being a pardon. September 1899
72
Post 1900
Radical Republic - number of laws and changes. 1905 legal segregation of the church and state. Transforms france into a secular republic which favours no religion.
73
1900-1905
key period when revolution is finally established and institutionalised in everyday culture
74
Antisemitism dreyfus
race is brought to forfront as a way to decide national belonging
Louis drumont portrays jewish france as a separate society. Cannot assimilate one race to another. pre-ordered to be different.
Some historians trace a thread from dreyfus affair through to holocaust
traditions of anti-Semitism that can be religious - the jews crucified Christ - judas
Cultural anti-Semitism - wave of jewish migration from Russia. Seen as uncultured and unmodern. Even wealthy jews separated themselves from these arrivals who were peasants.
Left anti-Semitism. Jewish finance. Large number of jewish financers making profit from the working class.
75
Dreyfus brought out what type of antisemitism
Racial. Brings out that inherited characteristics. Raialised form that gives strength to others. the idea they do ot fit into nation state.
76
Was it an antisemtic conspiracy?
Difficult to prove that they were trying to bring the jews down. Could say that they were quick to commit dreyfus as a jew.
77
Belonging - nation state
Starting to be discussed. You do not choose your nation, your nation chooses you.
78
nation france dreyfus who believes what makes a nation
patrie - antidreyfusards - authority, order, instinct - naturl laws, exclusivist nationalism and social preservation
nation - dreyfusards - truth, justice, reason, universalism and individualism
79
Pro dreyfus
Dreyfus supporters using religious connections
80
Ruth Harris argues what
Emotional affair- emotional over what makes a nation
81
Forth argues what
A crisis in masculinity
82
One link for drawing together various regions and religions of France
The monarch. Everyone was subjects. End of 18th more individualism- citizens proud to be part of a nation
83
Two types of nationalism
Ethnic- based on ethnicity
| Civic- based on common belief and ideas
84
26 08 1789
Declaration of the rights of man and citizen. Recognised equal individual citizenship
85
Jewish emancipation
Jewish emancipation was the external and internal process in various nations in Europe of eliminating disabilities under which Jewish people were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights on a communal not merely individual basis.[1] It included efforts within the community to integrate in their societies as citizens. It occurred gradually between the late 18th century and the early 20th century. Jewish emancipation followed the Age of Enlightenment and the concurrent Jewish enlightenment.[2] Various nations repealed or superseded previous discriminatory laws applied specifically against Jews where they resided. Before the emancipation, most Jews were isolated in residential areas from the rest of the society; emancipation was a major goal of European Jews of that time, who worked within their communities to achieve integration in the majority societies and broader education. Many became active politically and culturally within wider European civil society as Jews gained full citizenship. They emigrated to countries offering better social and economic opportunities, such as Britain and the Americas. Later, especially when faced with oppressive regimes such as the Russian Empire or continuing anti-Semitism, some European Jews turned to revolutionary movements such as Socialism and Zionism.
86
what did emancipation cause
The emancipation of the Jews enabled them to own land, enter the civil service, and serve as officers in the national armed forces. It created the impression for some others—particularly those who felt left behind, traumatized by change, or unable to achieve occupational satisfaction and economic security in accordance with their expectations—that Jews were displacing non-Jews in professions traditionally reserved for Christians. It also created for some the impression that at the same time, Jews were being overrepresented in future-oriented professions of the late nineteenth century: finance, banking, trade, industry, medicine, law, journalism, art, music, literature, and theater.
87
racial antisemitism
Belief in the superiority of the "white race" was both inspired and reinforced by the contact of European colonist-conquerors with native populations in the Americas, Asia, and Africa, and buttressed as pseudo-science by a perversion of evolutionary theory known as "social Darwinism." "Social Darwinism" postulated that human beings were not one species, but divided into several different "races" that were biologically driven to struggle against one another for living space to ensure their survival. Only those "races" with superior qualities could win this eternal struggle which was carried out by force and warfare. Social Darwinism has always been the product of bogus science: to this day, despite a century and a half of efforts by racists to find it, there is no biological science to support social Darwinist theory.
88
antisemites
These new "antisemites," as they called themselves, drew upon older stereotypes to maintain that the Jews behaved the way they did—and would not change—because of innate racial qualities inherited from the dawn of time. Drawing as well upon the pseudoscience of racial eugenics, they argued that the Jews spread their so-called pernicious influence to weaken nations in Central Europe not only by political, economic, and media methods, but also literally by "polluting" so-called pure Aryan blood by intermarriage and sexual relations with non-Jews. They argued that Jews did this deliberately in order to sap the will and ability of Germans or Frenchmen or Hungarians to resist a biologically determined "Jewish drive" for world domination.
89
nationalism - benedict anderson
imagined communities because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion
90
Richard Handler nationalism
"Nationalism is an ideology about individuated being. It is an ideology concerned with boundedness, continuity, and homogeneity encompassing diversity. It is an ideology in which social reality, conceived in terms of nationhood, is endowed with the reality of natural things.
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Ernest Gellner - nationalism
"In fact, nations, like states, are a contingency, and not a universal necessity. Neither nations nor states exist at all times and in all circumstances. Moreover, nations and states are not the same contingency. Nationalism holds that they were destined for each other; that either without the other is incomplete, and constitutes a tragedy. But before they could become intended for each other, each of them had to emerge, and their emergence was independent and contingent. The state has certainly emerged without the help of the nation. Some nations have certainly emerged without the blessings of their own state. It is more debatable whether the normative idea of the nation, in its modern sense, did not presuppose the prior existence of the state.
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Ernest Renan - nationalism
A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle. Two things, which in truth are but one, constitute this soul or spiritual principle. One lies in the past, one in the present. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of memories; the other is present- day consent, the desire to live together, the will to perpetuate the value of the heritage that one has received in an undivided form. Man, Gentlemen, does not improvise. The nation, like the individual, is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice, and devotion. Of all cults, that of the ancestors is the most legitimate, for the ancestors have made us what we are. A heroic past, great men, glory (by which I understand genuine glory), this is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past and to have a common will in the present; to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more-these are the essential conditions for being a people. One loves in proportion to the sacrifices to which one has consented, and in proportion to the ills that one has suffered. One loves the house that one has built and that one has handed down. The Spartan song-"We are what you were; we will be what you are" -- is, in its simplicity, the abridged hymn of every patrie.
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What is a pogrom?
A pogrom is a violent riot aimed at massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews.
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What were the hep hep riots in Germany in 1819?
The Hep-Hep riots from August to October 1819 were pogroms against German Jews, beginning in the Kingdom of Bavaria, during the period of Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation. The antisemitic communal violence began on August 2, 1819 in Würzburg and soon reached the outer regions of the German Confederation. Many Jews were killed and much Jewish property was destroyed.
