Native Americans Flashcards
1
Q
What does BERT WHIP stand for in terms of Native American culture?
A
Buffalo - essential to NAs nomadic lifestyle. Exposure - if you fall you are left behind Roles - everyone has one Tipis Warfare - Gain honour or steal resources Horses - currency Indian Religion Polygamy - sign of dominance
2
Q
What was the Native Americans religion like (culture)?
A
Believed in ‘Great Spirit’ called Waken Tanka.
Their sacred land is the Black Hills of South Dakota, worshipped.
Believed in vision dances to gain identity and wisdom, land is like their mother. No one can own land.
3
Q
What was Manifest destiny?
A
Belief that whites should conquer and civilise the whole continental USA.
4
Q
What was the impact of westward expansion?
A
Manifest Destiny 1840s
Settlement of plains (settlers encouraged to move onto it)
Forced migration - Indian removal act 1830
Homestead Act 1862
Loss of subsistence lifestyle.
5
Q
What was the impact of the civil war?
A
Plains war
Uneasy relationship with army as army built on plains
Treaties - further loss of land
Loss of food supply - Buffalo
Govt treaties offered aid but not forthcoming
6
Q
What did the deterioration of relations with the army from the civil war lead to?
A
Sand Creek Massacre 1864
7
Q
What were reservations?
A
Areas where whites forced Native Americans to live - very small areas of land
8
Q
What was the reservation policy?
A
The first step governments took in trying to control Native Americans, designed for their ‘safety’.
Idea was to remove food source (Buffalo) and break down their way of life to assimilate them.
9
Q
What three things did the reservation policy aim to do?
A
Avoid conflict - by separating Indians from homesteaders and ranchers (cowboys).
Teach Indians American way of life - Expected to live like farmers but given land and not taught how to be farmers
To make Indians dependent on US govt - After conflics of 1860s+70s Indians lost right to leave reservations and hunt for buffalo.
10
Q
What did the Battle of Little Bighorn prove?
A
Indians were unwilling to be confined to reservations. The Indians left the reservation’s and refused to return. so General Custer sent to return them to their reservations (sioux tribe), didn’t wait for hs full force to arrive so him and 200 men defeated and killed - led to victory for Indians.
11
Q
When did the reservation policy start?
A
1850s
12
Q
When was the Battle of Little Bighorn?
A
1876
13
Q
How was the reservation policy successful to an extent?
A
Successful in it reduced the amount of lands NAs had and limited their way of life which is what the government wanted. Made the Indians ‘Wards of the State’
14
Q
What did it mean that Indians were ‘Wards of the state’?
A
Meant they were treated like children as US govt had to look after and provide for them. Tribes broken up and tribal structure was broken down, no longer any need for a chief or structure as decisions were made for them.
15
Q
What was the reservation policies impact on Indian culture?
A
Enormous - by 1880s/90s culture was hard to maintain
16
Q
What did Corrupt Indian Agents do?
A
Increased starvation and poor conditions by selling food destined for the Indians.
17
Q
How did the government attempt to assimilate Native Americans through Education and Young People?
A
Indian children were forcibly removed from reservations and sent to boarding schools to be taught the American way.
Given new names, clothes, occupations,long hair cut off - against their tradition and insisted they spoke English.
This broke down tribal bond + culture with the aim the next gen after them will be American.
18
Q
How effective were the government at trying to assimilate Native Americans through the education of young people?
A
Very, by 1900, most didn’t recognise what it was like to live outside a reservation as the next gen were brought up with American traditions and values.
19
Q
What was the Dawes Act also know as?
A
The Dawes Act or the Allotment Act.
20
Q
When was the Dawes Act?
A
1887
21
Q
What did the Dawes Act do?
A
Provided for each head of an Indian family to be given a certain amount of land to farm, granted Native Americans citizenship rights. A way to civilise them, break up tribal structure and then they were regarded as individual Americans not as a group.
22
Q
What was the Dawes Plan a result of?
A
The failure of the reservation policy.
23
Q
What was Alice Fletcher a leader of?
A
‘The Friends of the Indians’ 1889
24
Q
What did Alice Fletcher do?
A
Told the Indians the law must be obeyed and went about setting up new boundaries on the reservations but tried dividing the land up fairly. for 4 years fighting off whites trying to persuade her to save the best land for them.
25
What did the Dawes Act give Native Americans the chance to become?
American citizens, although they were not allowed to vote.
26
What did the Dawes Act do to Native Americans?
Broke down their culture, no longer 'wards of state' so govt did not need to deal with them, division and splitting in these native tribes. Negative effect, some refused it meaning still 'wards of the state' but a lot of those who accepted ended up giving it up/selling it to whites as had no idea how to farm. Turned to alcoholism. It was intended to help them but devastated them instead.
27
How much of NA land was gone after 20 years under the Dawes Act?
2/3
28
How effective was the Dawes Act at assimilating Native Americans?
Very - broke up tribal structure while removing their control and land.
29
Did the reservation policy assimilate NAs?
No, it did not show any real assimilation or action.
30
How effective was assimilation of NAs by 1900?
```
Removal of self determination
Reservations deprived + disease ridden
140,000 NAs who had lived on plains in 1865 had left one way or another
No distinctive identity
Land taken
Prejudice against them
So very effective.
```
31
When was the Homestead Act?
1862
32
What was the Homestead Act?
Offered 160 acres land to any American citizen over 21. Aimed to aid fulfilment of manifest destiny.
33
How did the Homestead Act effect NAs?
Negative - their land taken away
34
What theme does the Homestead Act come under?
Land
35
When was the End of the American Civil war and what impact did this have on NAs?
1865 and much of the war was fought on the plains, forts built to support soldiers and relations between soldiers and NAs were uneasy but some trading did take place.
Overall negative impact on NAs
36
What theme does the end of the American Civil War come under?
Land
37
When was the Indian Appropriation Act?
1871
38
What was the Indian Appropriation Act?
Allowed to determine how Native tribes organised on the reservations, ended treaties between individual tribes and govt, making them 'wards of the state'. No independent Indian nation was recognised.
39
What was the impact of the Indian Appropriation Act on NAs?
Negative - they were forced to live in certain places removing self determination.
40
What was a turning point of the early period?
The Dawes Act
41
What theme did the Indian Appropriation Act come under?
Self Determination
42
How did the Dawes Act affect NAs?
It did give them some self determination from the citizenship which was good but it also took it away as they could only gain this by owning land. A lot od them didn't know how to farm and it was a result of failed reservation policy and failure of the 'battle of little bighorn' destroying all culture and meaning they lost their rights.
43
Why was the Dawes Act an early turning point?
Negative one, when they first lost all their rights an their culture had been destroyed - from then on they were trying to regain it.
44
What theme does the Dawes Act come under?
All of them but specifically land.
45
What involvement did NAs have in WW1?
10,000 of them fought, not segregated and could integrate with white Americans (unlike NAs). A small number of NA families were sponsored by the government to work in defence industries and it sparked the first urbanisation of NAs.
46
What theme does WW1 come under?
Culture - Religion/education/social
47
What impact did WW1 have on NAs?
Positive and negative. Positive as small numbers but relatively significant amount fighting, meant NAs started going into cities as opposed to being put onto reservations. But negative as Indians were more voluntarily removing themselves from their cultural background, moving towards Americanisation and assimilation but did not necessarily want that.
48
When was the Indian Citizenship Act?
1924
49
What was the next turning point after the Dawes Act?
The Indian Citizenship Act but it was not as important as the Dawes Act was.
50
What was the Indian Citizenship Act?
It was an act intended to promote assimilation but it did not guarantee state voting rights and government policy did not lend itself to the increasing number of Native American voters.
51
How did the Indian Citizenship Act affect NAs?
Negative - they were forced to join in with American voters, prohibited use of NA voting. They were forced to conform to the system yet they were not fully integrated into American system (didn't want to be) but it was a meaningless gesture made to look like integration.
52
When was the Leavitt Bill?
1926
53
What was the Leavitt Bill
It was bill so never fully went through but also known as the Dance Order and it banned NAs from traditional, ritual dances which was seen as an attack on their civil and religious rights.
54
What did the Leavitt Bill lead to the creation of?
Led to the creation of American Indian Defence Association (AIDA) which prevented the passing of the bill.
55
What does AIDA stand for?
American Indian Defence Association.
56
What was the effect of the Leavitt Bill on Native Americans?
Attempt to destroy their cultural heritage but it was stopped so positive effect for NAs as indicates there is some support for the bill otherwise it would not of been put forward but not total support because led to creation of AIDA.
57
When was the Meriam Act(report)?
1928
58
What was the Meriam Act?
Report promoted the reform movement of the 1920s. It condemned the allotment policy which had failed to provide economic support for NAs. Also described the poverty, lack of ed, healthcare + the corruption of officials who diverted government funding. It recommended the government took urgent steps to deal with the crisis, however, it did not condemn assimilation.
59
What did President Hoover do as a result of the Meriam Act (report)?
Appointed Charles Rhoads Indian Commissioner and reform package put together to focus on education and health care.
60
What was the effect of the Meriam Act on NAs?
None of it was asked for or from NAs - it came from white people/settlers thinking they know best. The report investigates everything to do with NA social life (Negative) but... did show some degree of interest in NAs and some public sympathy which led to the appointment of the Indian Commissioner - championed their heritage.
61
When was the Indian Reorganisation Act?
1934
62
What is the Indian Reorganisation Act also known as?
The Wheeler-Howard Act (The Indian New Deal)
63
What was the Indian Reorganisation Act?
It was brought in after John Collier appointed commissioner for Indian Affairs, seen as significant step in allowing NAs more control over administration of reservations and cemented their rights to practice their own religion, assert cultural heritage + overturned ban on ceremonial dances and celebrations, also curtailed sale of unallocated Indian Land.
64
What was the impact of the Indian Reorganisation Act ?
Marked a significant step forward. Positive impact as stopped any Indian land being sold on any further. However the positive progress was all as a result of white support for them as NAs still did not quite have ability to campaign for themselves.
65
What theme did the Indian Citizenship Act come under?
Self determination
66
What theme did the Leavitt Bill come under?
Cultural - Religion/Education/Social
67
What theme did the Meriam Act come under?
Cultural - Religion/Education/Social
68
What theme did Indian Reorganisation Act come under?
Cultural (Religion/Ed/Social) + self determination.
69
What role did NAs play in WW2?
NAs used extensively as messengers utilising their native languages. 10,000 left reservations with 75,000 moving to urban areas. 25,000 served in army. NA war veterans not granted same privileges as whites and were forced back onto reservations.
70
What was the effect of WW2 on NAs?
Not a positive outcome as they wanted to be able to govern themselves - didn't want to integrate and they were just used by the government - didn't gain anything.
71
What theme does WW2 fit under?
Cultural - Soc/religion/ed.
72
When was the Indian Claims Commission?
1946-1978
73
What does ICC stand for?
Indian Claims Commission.
74
What did the Indian Claims Commission do?
Put in place to recognise the achievements of NA war veterans. It appeared to provide the opportunity to claim land back that had been lost by treaties in the 19th century and 370 petitions were filed but most just received financial compensation rather than the land they had hoped for. Their work did not support NAs and slowly aided assimilation by removing government responsibility for reservation Indians.
75
What was the effect of the Indians Claims Commission?
Government recognising a need to reward NAs, stops being so discriminatory was direct result of who they were fighting in the war (positive). Negative s they don't want money or compensation, they wanted the land back and were not given what they wanted. It was a decade and a opportunity for the government to wash hands of Indians but on surface helping them.
76
What theme does the Indians Claims Commission come under?
Land
77
When was the Policy of Termination?
1953
78
What was the Policy Termination?
Attempt to fast track the assimilation of NAs and no longer recognised them as wards of the state and it aimed to end federal control of Bureau of Indian Affairs. Voluntary relocation away from reservations offered in bid to end reservation system brought in by Truman and continued by Eisenhower.
79
What was the effect of the Policy of Termination on NAs?
Government did not want anything to do with NAs, wanted to get rid of them as cold war was a more important thing for them to be worrying about. Almost looks like they are doing them a favour but reality the NAs had relied on government for ages and needed that support. Negative.
80
What theme does the Policy of Termination come under?
Cultural - Religion/ed/soc.
81
When was the Indian Vocational Training Act?
1956
82
What is the Indian Vocational Training Act?
Established alongside policy of termination providing vocational training for NAs, federal funding for those applied provided they live near reservations and under jurisdiction of Bureau of Indian Affairs.
83
How did the Indian Vocational Training Act effect NAs?
Some federal support accommodate them into society. Positive.
84
What theme does the Indian Vocational Training Act?
Culture - religion/ed/soc
85
When was Affirmative Action?
1968
86
What was Affirmative Action?
Policy started under LBJ and continued by Nixon, sought to offer enhanced economic opportunities for minorities particularly for AAs also included NAs.
87
How did Affirmative Action effect NAs?
Positive discrimination.
88
How did the Indian Reorganisation Act change what NAs were looking for?
From Indian Reorganisation Act, they are resigned to their fate and cannot go back to their original heritage and culture so from 34 onward its more a point of how they can improve their situation and this did.
89
What theme did Affirmative Action come under?
Culture - Religion/Ed/Soc
90
When was the End of Termination?
1968
91
What was the End of Termination?
IMPORTANT STEP. Negative effects of the policy were clear by late 1960's, NA's highest levels of illiteracy, disease and unemployment in US. LBJ spoke of 'The Forgotten Americans' proposed national council on Indian opportunity and promoted educational opportunities. Carried on by Nixon.
92
What was the effect of the End of Termination on NAs?
The policy had really negative effects as it cut them loose, they were not given any support to live life independently.
93
What theme does the End of Termination fit under?
Cultural - Religion/Ed/Social
94
When was Siege of Alcatraz?
1969
95
What decade was the Red Power movement?
1960s
96
What was the Siege of Alcatraz?
Inspired by black power progress led 14 men + women representing all tribes to seize control of Island Prison. Led by Richard Oakes, NA took control of Alcatraz which had once belonged to Ohlone Indians. Siege carefully planned and orchestrated to highlight plight of NAs and utilise media interest, chosen as being symbolic of life imprisonment of NAs in poverty on reservations ans urban areas.
97
When did the siege of Alcatraz end?
In 1971, after 10,000 NAs visited the Island.
98
What impact did the Siege of Alcatraz have on NAs?
By late 60s NAs are taking responsibility for themselves. Creates a lot of sympathy, publicity opportunity to highlight the unfair treatment of them. Symbolic protest highlighting land and cultural issues still going on for them. Positive.
99
What theme does the Siege of Alcatraz fit into?
Land
100
When was the occupation of Mt Rushmore?
1971
101
What was the Occupation of Mt Rushmore?
Found in Sacred Black Hills of Dakota, this was attempted to assert disputed ownership of sacred burial grounds of the Lakota Sioux Indians. A camp was established at memorial and re-named Mount Crazy Horse. Protesters eventually evicted but subsequently camps have been set up to lay claim to the area.
102
What theme does Mt Rushmore come under?
Land
103
When was the Indian Education Act?
1972
104
What was the Indian Education Act?
Involved substantial increase in federal funding for Indian Schools, including programmes to build reservation schools. Closure of highly contro boarding schools - part of reform continued post Nixon by Ford and Carter.
105
What effect did the Indian Education Act have on NAs?
Recognising issues highlighted in the Meriam Report, gives more money towards supporting Indian Education. Positive
106
What theme does the Indian Education Act come under?
Culture - Religion/Ed/Soc
107
When was the Occupation of Wounded Knee?
1973
108
What was the Occupation of Wounded Knee?
Site of 1890 massacre chosen as place of protest following suspected financial dealings of president the reservation and maltreatment of Indian inhabitants. Violent occupation lasted 71 days involving resistance to fed marshals, FBI agents + military personnel covered extensively by media and ended with negotiated settlement.
109
How did the Occupation of Wounded Knee affect NAs?
Negative - massacre, government opened fire on them without any warning. But positive because they occupied it drawing publicity and media coverage. Protests, self determination? Taking action and responsibility for themselves.
110
What theme does the Occupation of Wounded Knee come under?
Land
111
When was the Indian Self Determination Act?
1975
112
What is the Indian Self - Determination Act?
Laid down process whereby tribes could negotiate contracts with Bureau of Indian Affairs - take responsibility for their own education, health and social service provision. Allocation of federal funding these programmes - tribes nearer self sufficiency.
113
What effect did the Indian Self-Determination Act have on NAs?
Positive, more recognition and concessions granted towards NA, gives them more control over their own self determination. Change in tactics from the government. They were supporting them.
114
What theme does the Indian Self - Determination Act come under?
Self Determination.
115
When was the Education Assistance Act?
1975
116
What was the Education Assistance Act?
Gave American - Indian Parents greater involvement in their children's education through membership of their school boards
117
What effect did the Education Assistance Act have on NAs
Offers more control over education and funding, could also come under self determination.
118
What theme did the Education Assistance Act come under?
Self - determination and Cultural (Religion/Social/Education)
119
When was the American Indian Policy Review Commission?
1975
120
What was the American Indian Policy Review Commission?
Set up to review historical and legal relationship between federal government and American Indians, view to advising on future government policy of eleven commissioners, five were of Indian heritage.
121
What was the effect of the American Indian Policy review Commission on NAs?
For the first time appoints NA to board to determine what happens to themselves, more control and guidance over what happens.
122
What theme does the American Indian Policy Review Commission come under?
Self-determination
123
When was the Native American Religious Freedom Act?
1978
124
What was the Native American Religious Freedom Act?
NA's right to believe, express and exercise traditional religions including access to sites. use possession of sacred objects and freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rights. Stimulated action to recover sacred objects as well as human remains located in museums in west or in allotted land including sacred burial grounds.
125
What was the effect of the Native American Religious Freedom Act on NAs?
Honouring their culture, allowed to practice their own religion and how they want to.
126
When was the Indian Child Welfare Act?
1978
127
What theme does the Indian Child Welfare Act come under?
Culture - Religion/Ed/Social
128
What was the Indian Child Welfare Act?
Attempted to determine rights of NA parents in relation to the continuing practice of forcibly removing Indian Children from their families. Often this resulted from poor understanding of cultural traditions misinterpreted as neglect.
129
What was the effect of the Indian Child Welfare Act have on NAs?
Gives them more control
130
What theme does the Indian Child Welfare Act come under?
Culture - Religion/Ed/Social
131
What was the Native American Graves Protection Act?
Reinforced the Native American Religious Freedom Act, required all federally funded institutions to repatriate American Indian remains, gave goods and sacred objects.
132
When was the Native American Graves Protection Act?
1990
133
What effect did the Native American Graves Protection Act have on NAs?
Positive
134
What were the three major policies towards Native Americans?
Reservation Policy
Allotment Policy
Termination Policy
135
When was the Reservation Policy?
1871-1887
136
When was the Allotment Policy?
1887-1934
137
When was the Termination Policy?
1953-1969
138
What was the Allotment policy?
Brought in through the Dawes Act after politicians realised the reservation policy was the cause of unrest (battle of little bighorn.) Through the act reservation lands were divided up into homesteads or allotments.
139
What did the Allotment policy do (effect on NAs)?
It was meant to improve living conditions of NAs but did nothing for their civil rights. It can be argued it improved their rights and presented a change as they were given land after 25 years which they could own alongside citizenship. However, this is not what NAs wanted, it just continued the governments aim to assimilate them, indicating govt had no real understanding or did not want to understand them/what they wanted.
140
What was the Termination Policy?
Introduced because again the govt realised their previous policies had failed to bring about assimilation. . The land that NAs lived on was wanted for foresting and mining so as a result, policy saw proposals to put forward end to reservations and NAs were encouraged to relocate by offering accommodation and helping them find work. However, the policy also meant a loss of land and further disintegration of what was left of tribal life.
141
What legislation was passed under Franklin Roosevelt and did he support NA civil rights?
Supported and passed Indian Recognition Act. World war two also happened.
142
What legislation was passed under Abraham Lincoln and did he support NA civil rights?
No "ordered Indians and half-breeds sentenced to be hanged by the military commission" He also passed the Homestead Act.
143
What legislation was passed under Dwight Eisenhower and did he support NA civil rights?
He supported, and under him Indian Vocational Training Act was passed.
144
What legislation was passed under Theodore Roosevelt and did he support NA civil rights?
Did not support "only good Indians are dead Indians". Also did not pass any legislation for them.
145
What legislation was passed under John Kennedy and did he support NA civil rights?
Supported but passed no legislation for them.
146
What legislation was passed under Harry Truman and did he support NA civil rights?
Did not support, passed Indians Claims Commission (ICC - nice on surface) and Policy of Termination.
147
What legislation was passed under Lyndon Johnson and did he support NA civil rights?
Did support - Affirmative action. However he also did pass the End of Termination which cut them lose and they were given no support to live independently.
148
What legislation was passed under Richard Nixon and did he support NA civil rights?
Supported it, he carried on Affirmative action and passed the Indian Education Act.
149
What legislation was passed under Ronald Reagan and did he support NA civil rights?
Negative. "Maybe we should not have humoured them in that wanting to stay in that kind of primitive lifestyle" He felt they had helped them and they had rejected the help, not true, and did not do much for them.
150
What legislation was passed under General Ford and did he support NA civil rights?
Did support and passed Indian Education Act continued, Indian self-determination Act, Education Assistance Act and the American Indian Policy Review Commission.
151
What legislation was passed under Jimmy Carter and did he support NA civil rights?
He did support it, and continued the Indian Education Act, introduced the Native American Religious Freedoms Act and the Indian Child Welfare Act.
152
What legislation was passed under George Herbert Walker Bush and did he support NA civil rights?
Supported and passed the Native American Graves Protection Act
153
Which two presidents initiated significant legislation for NAs?
FDR and Nixon
154
Which two presidents had extreme negative attitudes?
Abraham Lincoln and Teddy Roosevelt.
155
Where the Supreme Court supportive of NA civil rights (with evidence)?
Yes, but maybe not for right reasons as some impacts created by what appeared to be positive rulings were negative, e.g United States V Sioux tribe in 1980 - NA still not given what they really wanted. The Supreme court also only helped towards the end of the period.
156
What was United States V Sioux tribe 1980?
Ruled that the Sioux tribe were entitled to compensation for their loss of land. They were awarded with money. However, they refused financial compensation, preferring the return of their land and encouraged other tribes to seek compensation.
157
What was Charrier Vs Bell 1986?
Ruled in their favour that remains from burial grounds in Louisiana belonged to NAs. States passed laws protecting NA burial lands.
158
What were the positive supreme court judgements?
```
Harrison Vs Laveen
Oneida Vs Oneida and Madison Counties
Fisher V Montana
United States Vs Sioux Nation
Seminole Tribe Vs Butterworth
Charrier V Bell
```
159
What were the SAI?
Society of American Indians 1911, they worked for NAs not with them and were not supported by them. The group was made up of whites who worked tirelessly to meet unrealistic expectations delivering a unified voice of Indian 'Public Opinion' to pursue controversial political goals without appearing too radical. The 1924 Indian Citizen Act was seen as their most significant achievement and they lacked mass support.
160
Who were AIDA?
American Indian Defence Association 1923, set up by white people and aimed to campaign for laws protecting rights of Indians for their lands, beliefs, culture, traditions and arts and crafts. John Collier. Successful in blocking Leavitt Bill but lacked mass support from NAs and didn't consult what they wanted.
161
Who were the NCAI?
National Congress of American Indians 1944. This was the first time NAs joined together to form a protest movement. Most membership successful, assimilated Indians who were felt to be out of touch with younger generation, many did not want the assimilation. There was mass support from NAs and established the legal methods to seek their rights.
162
Who were the NIYC?
National Indian Youth Council 1961. This was established by educated Native Americans who were in college or recently graduated (not representing older ones or those living on reservations) It aimed to protect NA fishing rights, they helped galvanise movement with focus on fishing rights and gained publicity.
163
Who were AIM?
American Indian Movement 1968. Linked to black power, makes red power and established as a result of the slow progress of other orgs. More militant NAs, took up issues of racial discrim, gained national publicity + brought attention to NA cause and demonstrated unity amongst the youth. Some argued their militant methods were counterproductive against NA principles.
164
Who were NARF?
Native American Rights Fund 1970. It was founded in 1970 to defend the rights of NAs to preserve tribal culture and way of life in particular their right to hunt and fish. Also fought for right to vote in those states where registration was restricted. It was the main org that pressed Supreme Court cases on behalf of the tribes and secured key decisions. Number of tribes did regain some of their lost land.
165
What was involved in the Siege of Alcatraz, what methods were used and what was the outcome?
14 Indian men and women from all tribes, led by Richard Oakes and negotiations led by Adam Fortunate Eagle Nordwell, They occupied the deserted former prison island, originally belonged to the Indians. Tried to negotiate with govt but when refused occupation continued and 80 Indians now established on the Island. It was carefully planned and orchestrated to raise awareness of plight of NAs and in full view of worlds media = international coverage, and moved other NAs to take action.
166
When was the Siege of Alcatraz?
1969
167
Who was involved in the Occupation of Mount Rushmore, what methods were used and what was the outcome?
AIM protesters, there was attempt to reassert disputed ownership of sacred burial grounds of Lakota and Sioux Indians. Clever tactic, you have to feel some sympathy. Protesters established a camp in the area, these protesters were eventually evicted, native group subsequently laid claim to Black Hills by setting up camp there and gaining sympathy/ The ownership of this territory is still disputed.
168
When was the Occupation of Mount Rushmore?
1971
169
Who was involved in the Takeover of the BIA, Washington, what methods were used and what was the outcome?
Fleet of cars, buses + vans carrying 1,000 protesters representing several of the original tribes. Militant NAs. It was an outcome of the Alcatraz Siege to an extent with a presidential election imminent its purpose was to raise awareness of the plight of NAs as a result f their unjust treatment. Supposed to be a peaceful protest, marchers found themselves without accommodation in the city and so occupied offices of BIA. Violence broke out when attempts made to evict the protesters.
170
When was the Takeover of the BIA Washington?
1972
171
Who were involved in the occupation of Wounded Knee, what methods were used and what was the outcome?
Followers of AIM, site of the 1890 massacre of the Sioux, therefore highly evocative place for all Indians. Protests, Violent occupation lasted 71 days involved resistance to federal marshals, FBI agents and military personnel. Ended with a negotiated settlement, two leaders of protest arrested and charged with offences committed at wounded knee but were acquitted. Full media coverage.
172
When was the Occupation of Wounded Knee?
1973
173
Who was involved in the Pine Ridge Reservation, what methods were used and what was the outcome?
AIM. Further violence after occupation of Wounded Knee, around Pine Ridge reservation. during shooting incident there, two FBI agents and one protester shot and killed. Member of AIM tried and found guilty of murder, US judge later blamed fed authorities on basis that their over reaction had caused protesters to panic.
174
When was the Pine Ridge Reservation?
1975
175
What were the 5 key events of red power activism?
```
Siege of Alcatraz
Occupation of Mount Rushmore
Takeover of BIA Washington
Occupation of Wounded Knee
Pine Ridge Reservation
```
