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Civil Rights 1865-1992 > Native Americans > Flashcards

Native Americans Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

what does BERTWHIP stand for?

A

Buffalo- NA followed the buffalo
Exposure- if you fall behind you are left behind for the goodness of the tribe
Roles- everyone in a tribe had a role
Tipis- tents. required limited resources
Warfare- steal resources like horses
Horses- like currency. easier to follow buffalo with horses as well as raiding tribes
Indian religion- believed in the Great Spirit and had sacred land such as the Black Hills of South Dakota (Mt Rushmore)
Polygamy- having more than one wife was a way of maintaining tribal dominance

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2
Q

what were large tribes called?

A

nations

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3
Q

what was counting coup?

A

touching your enemy during war, considered brave

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4
Q

what was the Great Spirit also called?

A

Wakan Tanka

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5
Q

what was seen as inhabitable during the early 1800s?

A

the Great Plains- labelled the ‘Great American Desert’

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6
Q

what was created in 1832?

A

the Permanent Indian Frontier

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7
Q

what did the Permanent Indian Frontier do?

A

gave all land west of Mississippi to the Indians and during the 1830s and 1840s many settlers began to cross this land, causing conflict as under the terms this was not allowed to happen

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8
Q

what was the Manifest Destiny belief originating from the 1840s?

A

the belief that whites should conquer and civilise the whole of the continental USA
Destiny meant that they felt it was their god given right and therefore it had religious connotations

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9
Q

What was the Homestead Act 1862?

A

It was used to secure the plains for the federal government, and gave out Indian plains land to any Americans willing to settle there

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10
Q

what was granted to American settlers through the Homestead Act?

A

160 aces for 5 years was given free of charge for Americans over the age of 21, it aimed to fulfil manifest destiny

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11
Q

what was the impact of the Civil War 1861-1865, and Plains Wars 1862-1868?

A

uneasy relationship with the army as they were meant to defend both Indians and whites- and this did not always happen
(deterioration of relationship with the army also led to Sand Creek Massacre and other battles)

Treaties led to further loss of land- created tension as NA were worse off each time
led to a loss of food supply such as the buffalo

Government treaties promised aid in the form of food and resources but not forthcoming

Corrupt Indian agents sold good destined for Indians and this led to starvation and uprisings

Came into contact with settlers while searching for food- which led to conflict

A CONSTANT CYCLE of treaties and broken promises due to the presence of the army and settlers on the plains

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12
Q

what treaties led to loss of land for Native Americans in the Gilded Age?

A

Fort Laramie Treaties

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13
Q

when were the Plains Wars?

A

1862-1868

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14
Q

what were some of the key battles as a result of the Civil War, examples of NA rising up against the US government?

A

Little Crow’s War 1852
Red Cloud’s War 1867
Sand Creek Massacre 1864

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15
Q

why was there limited opportunities to trade with the army on the plains after 1895?

A

the removal of troops

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16
Q

What year were Indians moved onto Reservations?

A

1864 however they were poorly run and undermined the Native American lifestyle- like following the Buffalo

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17
Q

What two battles led to further deterioration in relations as a result of Reservations policy?

A

Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876 and Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890

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18
Q

what disrupted the buffalo herds between 1865-1869?

A

the transcontinental railroad being under construction

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19
Q

what did Reservation Policy do?

A

designed to keep Indians separate from Homesteaders and ranchers
wanted to teach Indians the American way of life (expected to live as farmers)
aimed to prevent conflict by keeping Indians separate
also wanted to make Native Americans dependent on the American government

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20
Q

what was one way the US government made NA dependent on them through Reservation Policy?

A

after the conflicts of the 1860s and 1870s NA lost right to leave reservations and hunt buffalo

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21
Q

what did the Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876 prove that undermined the effectiveness of Reservation policy?

A

NA were unwilling to be confined to reservations and so therefore it cannot be considered effective

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22
Q

was the Reservation Policy effective?

A

Corrupt Indian agents increased starvation and poor conditions
Reduced the amount of land the Indians had
Indians are treated as children through being ‘Wards of State’. US gov.t has to look after and provide for them
- therefore somewhat effective as this is what gov.t wanted- to make them dependent on them

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23
Q

how was assimilation attempted through education and schools?

A

Native Americans sent to schools that enforced assimilation, which means making them the same as Americans. This made them like Americans/settlers. They had to cut their hair/choose traditional names etc.

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24
Q

in what ways can the assimilation attempts made through education be viewed as effective?

A

very effective as completely eradicated NA culture

Next generation of Indians didn’t even know what it was like to live out of a reservation

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25
what did the Dawes Severalty Act 1887 do?
This was the start of Allotment Policy This divided up NA land and it granted citizenship to the male head of the household they were given 160 acres of land If Indians did not take this, they were effectively left with no land, so this leaves them with no choice- 'wards of the state' aim therefore fulfilled they were told the law had to be obeyed essentially broke up NA tribal structure, and so under Allotment Policy tribes would disappear It was meant to help NA but did not
26
Was the Dawes Act and Allotment Policy effective?
very effective at breaking up tribal structure removed self-determination land was taken and the right to negotiate this land was removed
27
by 1900 how many Native Americans that lived on the Plains in 1865 left?
140,000
28
how many acres of land was controlled by Native Americans prior to the Dawes Act?
150 million acres
29
what was the Indian Appropriation Act 1871?
ended treaties between individual tribes and the government determined how Native American tribes were organised on the reservations no nation/tribe was recognised under this act- wards of state and assimilation!
30
what was the effect of the Indian Appropriation Act 1871
removed self-determination removed tribal recognition wards of the state a way of assimilating NA
31
why exactly was the Allotment Policy and Dawes Severalty Act 1887 put in force to replace the Reservation Policy?
Reservation policy had failed Evidence of this is through Battle of the Little Bighorn 1876, defeat of Custer etc, showed NA refused to be limited to reservations
32
what was not important to Native Americans that was granted to them under the Dawes Severalty Act?
the right of citizenship NA did not value this wanted to be able to run themselves- self-determination
33
what is the impact of World War One on Native Americans?
10,000 NA fought in WW1 unlike AA they were not segregated and could integrate/fight alongside white Americans small numbers of families were sponsored by the government to work in defence industries by voluntarily removing themselves to do this, this sparked the urbanisation of Native Americans, and hence assimilation
34
what did the Indian Citizenship Act do for Native Americans and what year was it?
1924 gave NA right to vote- but they did not want this and it was not as a result of campaigning! It did not guarantee state voting rights (Slaughterhouse Case 1873) state over federal law Forced conformity to US system of government but government also weren't interested in promoting the number of NA voters
35
what fraction of people had the vote under the Indian Citizenship Act?
2/3
36
what was the impact of the Leavitt Bill 1926?
it was never passed!- bill wanted to place a ban upon religious/cultural dancing viewed as an attack on religious and cultural rights
37
what was the Leavitt Bill also known as?
the Dance Order
38
what was created as a result of the Leavitt Bill which also stopped it from being passed?
American Indian Defence Association (AIDA)
39
what did the Meriam Report do and what year was it?
1928 condemned Allotment Policy which failed to provide economic support advise government policy/legislation detailed poverty, lack of education, disease, healthcare problems that had occurred as a result of lack of government funding recommended government take urgent steps
40
who was appointed Indian Commissioner as a result of the Meriam Report and by which president?
Charles Rhoades President Hoover a reform package was set up focusing on education and healthcare good for NA as somebody was put in place to champion their rights, however Charles was white and therefore = assimilation as he would not have understood the importance of self-determination for NA
41
what did the Wheeler-Howard Act 1934 do and what was it also known as?
Indian New Deal, Indian Reorganisation Act It was a part of Roosevelt's New Deal programme Viewed as a significant step in allowing NA to take more control over reservations (therefore promoting self-determination) cemented cultural and religious rights it also curtailed the sale of unallocated NA land
42
what was the impact of the Wheeler-Howard Act?
great progress made as John Collier appointed NA started to promote self-determination and cultural rights commissioner of Indian Affairs however was again, not as a result of campaigning
43
when was John Collier Indian Affairs Commissioner?
1933-1945
44
what was Native American use during WW2?
used as messengers extensively through use of native | languages
45
how many Native Americans left the reservations during WW2?
100,000 | 75,000 went to urban areas and 25,00 fought
46
what hindered NA rights progress during WW2?
they were not treated equal to whites and were sent back to reservations
47
what was the Indian Claims Commission and what year was it running for?
1946-1978 gave Native Americans an opportunity to claim back land lost by treaties in the 19th century as a reward for NA war veterans not much land was granted back and NA were given financial compensation instead
48
how many petitions were filed for the ICC?
370
49
what was the impact of the ICC?
they did not support Native Americans although on the surface appeared to it aided the assimilation process by slowly removing government responsibility for NA (not taking action etx)
50
what was the policy of Termination 1953?
an attempt to fast track the assimilation of Native Americans aimed to end federal control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and not have NA as wards of the state anymore government offered voluntarily moving away from reservations in an attempt to end the reservation system
51
what was the Indian Vocational Training Act 1956?
Alongside Termination Policy, this was set up to provide NA with vocational training this was to train them for jobs it was provided with federal funding for those who lived near reservations and were under the Bureau of Indian Affairs
52
what happened due to Termination Policy?
NA had high levels of disease, illiteracy and unemployment (proves Indian Vocational Training Act 1956 therefore ineffective)
53
what did LBJ do as a result of the failure of Termination Policy and it's end in 1968?
spoke of 'The Forgotten Americans' proposed for a national council to promote education opportunities this was continued under Nixon
54
why were NA 'cut lose' and why did Termination Policy come about and cause them to suffer such a great deal?
Vietnam war = full gov.t attention rather than NA rights
55
what was LBJ and Nixon's policy of Affirmative Action?
wanted to offer enhanced economic opportunities for minorities, helped to improve conditions of life following failure of Termination not as much of a strong impact on NA than there was on AA
56
during what years was Reservation policy?
1871-1887
57
during what years was Allotment Policy?
1887-1934
58
during what years was Termination Policy?
1953-1968/9
59
why may some people argue that Allotment Policy was beneficial for NA?
they were granted land and after 25 years could own it and have citizenship rights however they did not want this!
60
What was the influence of black power upon red power in the 1960's?
The Siege of Alcatraz 1969 Occupation of Mt Rushmore 1971 Occupation of Wounded Knee 1973 a much more assertive protest movement American Indian (AIM)- most militant group. More aggressive tactics of black power inspired abandon of peaceful methods? Unity of AA may have inspired NA to abandon divide among tribal groups- therefore making them more united and stronger representation = more gains Red power = pride in culture not all black power influence- protests taking place before = black power just catalysed it
61
what evidence is there to suggest black power was not the entire influence behind red power?
pressure groups already achieving success - ICC National Indian Youth Council- militancy present before black power end of Termination = move to urban areas, easier to campaign for rights and be more co-ordinated/organised alien culture of urban cities post-war also made NA determined to preserve culture change in attitudes of Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon
62
who led Siege of Alcatraz? | when did it end?
Richard Oakes 14 men and women- all different tribes (shows abandon of tribal divide) highlight plight of NA's media interest ended in 1971 after 10,000 NA visited the island
63
what happened at Occupation of Mt Rushmore?
an attempt to assert disputed ownership of sacred burial grounds of Lakota Sioux Indians Mount Crazy Horse- re-named memorial set up camp the protestors were evicted
64
What was the Indian Education Act 1972?
involved increased federal funding for Indian schools programmes to build reservation schools closing of boarding schools which were highly controversial impact of Affirmative Action due to failure of Termination and lack of education
65
what happened at the Occupation of Wounded Knee 1973?
site of 1890 massacre- close to home took place as a result of suspected financial dealings of the president of the Reservation and his mistreatment of Indian inhabitants lasted 71 days- violent occupation resistance to federal marshals, FBI and military
66
what was the impact of the Occupation of Wounded Knee?
similar to Siege of Alcatraz, covered extensively by the media (made people aware of their plight) and ended with a negotiated settlement
67
What was the Education Assistance Act 1975?
Gave American-Indian parents involvement in children's education through membership of school boards- this offers more control and is evidence of promoting self-determination
68
What was the Indian Self-Determination Act 1975?
laid down that tribes could negotiate contracts with the Bureau of Indian Affairs they could take responsibility for their own healthcare, education authorised allocation of federal funding for these programmes (clear aid by gov.t)
69
what was the American Indian Policy Review Commission 1975?
11 commissioners- 5 NA heritage set up to review historical and legal relationship between the federal government and American Indians aimed to advise future gov.t policy by having 5 NA's involved- clear evidence of promoting self-determination Government beginning to understand what NA wanted
70
what was the Native American Religious Freedoms Act and what year was it?
1978 gave NA cultural and religious rights to have sacred objects, freedom of worship etc stimulated action to recover sacred objects
71
what was the Indian Child Welfare Act 1978?
attempted to determine rights of NA parents in relation to practice of removing NA children from their families resulted in poor understanding of cultural tradition and interpreted as neglect
72
what was the Native American Graves Protection Act 1990?
reinforced NA religious freedoms act 1978 | required all federally funded institutions to repatriate NA remains, grave goods and sacred objects
73
what supreme court ruling may have influenced Graves Protection Act 1990?
Charrier vs Bell 1986 ruled in favour that remains from burial grounds in Louisiana belonged to NA states passed laws which protected NA burial lands as a result of this ruling

Civil Rights 1865-1992 (4 decks)

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