NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC DYES

Question 1

HEMATOXYLIN is a natural dye derived by extraction from the core or the heartwood of a Mexican tree called

Answer 1

Hematoxylin campechianum

Question 2

• It is by far the most valuable staining reagent used by the cytologists due to its powerful nuclear and chromatin staining capacity

Answer 2

HEMATOXYLIN

Question 3

-It is not a true basic dye

Answer 3

HEMATOXYLIN

Question 4

• It is essential that the oxidant be used in correct amount, since excessive oxidation leads to production of other useless compounds. Using the least amount of oxidant will result in satisfactory staining and longer life of the stain.

Answer 4

HEMATOXYLIN

Question 5

-Old histologic dye extracted from the female cochineal bug (Coccus cacti)

Answer 5

Cochineal Dyes

Question 6

-treated w/ alum

Answer 6

Carmine (Dye)

Question 7

-Widely used powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear prep.

Answer 7

Cochineal Dyes

Question 8

Demonstration of GLYCOGEN

Answer 8

Carmine + Aluminum chloride (Best’s Carmine)

Question 9

Neuropathological studies

Answer 9

Carmine + Picric acid(Picrocarmine)

Question 10

vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens which are normally colorless

Answer 10

Orcein

Question 11

-treated w/ ammonia + air

Answer 11

Blue or Violet colors

Question 12

• weak acid, soluble in alkali

Answer 12

Orcein

Question 13

• used to stain Elastic fibers

- It is now primarily used as an indicator

Answer 13

Orcein

Question 14

-known as” Coal Tar Dyes”

Answer 14

SYNTHETIC DYES

Question 15

______-are derived from the hydro-carbon benzene (C6H6) and are collectively known as _________

Answer 15

SYNTHETIC DYES, Aniline dyes

Question 16

are substances w/ definite atomic groupings and capable of producing visible color

Answer 16

Chromophores –

Question 17

• Before a chromogen can properly be called a dye, it must have the property of retaining its color in the tissue. This property is acquired by the addition of an

Answer 17

auxochrome

Question 18

Dye Classification

Answer 18

Acid dyes, Basic dyes, and Neutral dyes

Question 19

where the active coloring substance is found in the acid component, and the inactive base, e.g acid fuchsin, is usually the sodium salt of a sulfonate of rosaniline.

Answer 19

Acid Dyes

Question 20

Where the active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with the acid radical

Answer 20

Basic Dyes –

Question 21

Example of acid dyes

Answer 21

Acid fuchsin
Picric acid (fix, differentiate or stain)

Question 22

Example of basic dyes

Answer 22

Methylene blue (both indicator and dye)

Question 23

are formed by combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining
cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially.

Answer 23

Neutral Dyes

Question 24

Examples of Neutral Dyes

Answer 24

Romanosky dyes
Giemsa’s stain
Irishman’s stain –> leukocyte differentiation

Question 25

(recommended for progressive staining)

Answer 25

Aluminum hematoxylin

Question 26

used for regressive staining

Answer 26

Ehrlich Hematoxylin

Question 27

- Sodium iodate hastens ripening process | - Suitable for tissues that have been subjected to acid decalcification

Answer 27

Ehrlich Hematoxylin

Question 28

exfoliating Cytology & sex chromosomes

Answer 28

Harris Hematoxylin

Question 29

exfoliating Cytology & sex chromosomes

Answer 29

Harris Hematoxylin

Question 30

- Ripened by Mercuric oxide/chloride | - The addition of 4% glacial acetic acid will give a more precise nuclear staining

Answer 30

Harris Hematoxylin

Question 31

- Another alum hematoxylin solution recommended for routine purposes, especially used in sequence with Celestine blue. - Artificially ripened with alcoholic iodine solution

Answer 31

Cole’s Hematoxylin

Question 32

ripened w/ sodium iodate

Answer 32

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

Question 33

- It can be used as regressive stain, but it is also useful as a progressive stain

Answer 33

Mayer’s Hematoxylin

Question 34

During staining, alum hematoxylin stained sections are usually passed on to an alkaline solution in order to neutralize the acid and free the OH group, to form an insoluble blue aluminum hematin-tissue-lake.

Answer 34

Blueing

Question 35

Examples of Blueing agents:

Answer 35

Tap water, Lithium Carbonate, Bicarbonate, potassium or Sodium acetate may be used

Question 36

- used only for differential and regressive staining, using acid-alcohol as a differentiating agent.

Answer 36

Iron Hematoxylin

Question 37

uses Ferric chloride as Mordant

Answer 37

Weigert’s Hematoxylin –

Question 38

Uses Ferric Ammonium chloride as the Mordant

Answer 38

Heidenhain’s Hematoxylin

Question 39

Modification of Iron Hematoxylin used to demonstrate Mitochondria

Answer 39

Regaud’s Hematoxylin for Mitochondria

Question 40

Examples of iron hematoxylin

Answer 40

Weigert's Heidenhain's Regaud's

Question 41

- also known as the original Mallory PTAH technique, combining hematoxylin with 1% aqueous phophotungstic acid, which acts as a mordant

Answer 41

Phosphotungstic Acid Hemtoxylin (PTAH)

Question 42

one of the most valuable stains used for differentially staining connective tissue and cytoplasm

Answer 42

EOSIN

Question 43

It is a red general cytoplasmic stain that combines with hemoglobin to give an orange color

Answer 43

EOSIN

Question 44

- Cytoplasmic stain | - Commonly used as counterstain in H &E

Answer 44

eosin

Question 45

the commonly used, showing green yellow fluorescence especially in alcoholic medium.

Answer 45

Eosin Y-

Question 46

very faint bluish cast

Answer 46

Eosin B

Question 47

rarely used eosin

Answer 47

Eosin S

Question 48

It is the most common staining technique in histopathology. This uses a combination of two dyes, Hematoxylin and Eosin used for demonstration of nucleus and cytoplasmic inclusions in clinical specimens.

Answer 48

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining

Question 49

Principle of H & E staining

Answer 49

Alum acts as mordant and hematoxylin containing alum stains the nucleus light blue

Question 50

``` Example of a Basic stain. A. Methylene blue B. Neutral Red C. Fuchsin D. Romanowsky dye ```

Answer 50

A

Question 51

Heidenhain's Hematoxylin uses __________ as a mordant.

Answer 51

C.Ferric Ammonium Chloride

Question 52

. What dye is Normally Colorless but when treated with ammonia and exposed to air, produces blue or violet colors?

Answer 52

Orcein

Question 53

What is added to Chromogen to improve the retaining of color?

Answer 53

Auxochrome

Question 54

Simple benzene compounds + Chromophores=?

Answer 54

Chromogen