Natural Hazards Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
What are geophysical hazards?
A
All to do with geology for example, volcanos and earthquakes
2
Q
What are hydrometeorological hazards?
A
All to do with water e.g. avalanche, cyclone, drought, epidemic, landslide, storm, tornado, wildfire
3
Q
What is the disaster management cycle?
A
illustrates the ongoing process by which society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster and take steps to recover after a hazard has occurred.
4
Q
What does the DMC aim to do?
A
- reduce or avoid the potential losses
- assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster
- achieve rapid and effective recovery
5
Q
What is Mitigation?
A
minimising the effects of disaster
6
Q
What is preparedness?
A
Planning how to respond
7
Q
What is response?
A
efforts to minimise the hazards created by a disaster
8
Q
What is recovery?
A
returning the community to normal
9
Q
How to remember the HMC?
A
My Pet Eats Rabbits Rapidly
10
Q
What is prediction?
A
the act of forecasting events
11
Q
What is adaptation?
A
the changes made in response to an event
12
Q
What is perception?
A
the way in which a situation is regarded or understood
13
Q
what is fatalism?
A
the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable
14
Q
What are the three factors affecting the degree of vulnerability?
A
1) wealth and level of technical ability
2) education
3) organisation levels
15
Q
As population increases the number of people living in hazardous areas …
A
increases
16
Q
What is the disaster response curve?
A
a graph which attempts to model the impacts of a disaster before the event to after the event with the use of a time scale
17
Q
What are some physical factors which help asses the response model?
A
- accessibility of the location/region affected
- type of hazard
- topography
- climatic factors
18
Q
What are some human factors which help asses the response model?
A
- number of people affected
- degree of community preparedness
- technological resources
- scientific understanding and expertise
- level or general education
- economic wealth of area affected
- quality and quantity of infrastructure
- government competency and organisation
19
Q
Where is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
A
In the Atlantic Ocean
20
Q
What are transform faults?
A
Lines of weakness at 90 degrees to the main fault line
21
Q
What is the silica content in basaltic/basic lava?
A
45-50%
22
Q
What is the silica content in andesitic lava?
A
55-60%
23
Q
What is the silica content in rhyolitic magma?
A
65%
24
Q
What is the eruption temp. of basic lava?
A
1000C+
25
What is the eruption temp. of andesitic lava?
800C
26
What is the eruption temp of rhyolitic lava?
700C
27
What is the viscosity and gas content of basic lava?
very runny and low gas
28
What is the viscosity and gas content of andesitic lava?
sticky and intermediate gas
29
What is the viscosity and gas content of rhyolitic lava?
very sticky and high gas
30
What are the volcanic products of basic lava?-
- hot, runny lava
- shield volcanos
- low or plateaux
31
What are the volcanic products of andesitic lava?
- sticky lava flows
- tephra
- ash
- gas
- composite volcanoes
32
What are the volcanic products of rhyolitic lava?
- gas and volcanic ash
- pyroclastic flows
- domes
33
Tectonic setting for basic lava
Oceanic hotspots and constructive margins
34
Tectonic setting for andesitic lava
Destructive plate boundaries (Oceanic-continental and Oceanic-oceanic)
35
Tectonic setting for rhyolitic lava
Continental hotspots and Continental-continental destructive margins
36
What is ridge push?
As fresh magma wells up at mid-ocean ridges to form new young, oceanic lithosphere, a higher elevation is formed at spreading ridges. The new oceanic crust thickens with age and is pushed "downhill" as new magma emerges from the active zone of divergence behind it
37
what is slab pull?
the movement driven by the weight of cold, older denser plate material sinking into the mantle at deep ocean trenches and pulling the rest of the plate slab with them as gravity causes them to slide downwards
38
What are constructive plate boundaries?
- plates are moving apart
- rift valleys
- volcanos
- ridges (transform faults)
- shield volcanoes
39
what are destructive plate boundaries?
- plates colliding
- volcanos
- ocean trenches
- fold mountains
- earthquakes (high magnitude)
40
what are conservative plate boundaries?
- slide alongside eachother
- past eachother, same of diff. directions
- shallow focus earthquakes
41
What is the Benioff zone?
zone of earthquake activity
42
What is the case study for oceanic>--
- The Philippine plate and Pacific plate
- Mariana Trench
- Marianas Islands (Guam - american airbase)
43
What is the case study for oceanic>--
- The Nazca Plate and South American Plate
- Cotopaxi
- The Andes
- Peru-Chile Trench
44
Describe the structure of the earth.
- inner core
- outer core
- mantle
- crust
45
What is moho discontinuity?
boundary between the crust and the mantle
46
What is the inner core?
- solid iron and nickel
- 1200km thick
47
What is the outer core?
- liquid iron and nickel
- 2300km thick
48
What is the mantle?
- 2800km thick
- solid layer but acts viscous
- atomic elements = oxygen, silicon and magnesium
49
What is the crust?
- thinnest layer
- 1km in some places to 80 in others
50
What is continental crust?
- older
- thicker
- less dense
51
What is oceanic crust?
- younger
- thinner
- denser
52
Why is radioactive decay so important in the core?
It releases significant heat and so causes convection currents. As they approach the crust they cool and sink back down to the mantle. This causes a conveyor belt within the mantle.
53
What is the theory made by Alfred Wegener?
The continental drift theory
54
When was Wegener's theory put forward?
1912
55
What was the order of the continents and their names
1) Pangea
2) Laurasia
3) Gondwanaland
56
What was Wegener's evidence for his theory?
- Matching rock sequences link NW Scotland and E Canada
- Jigsaw fit of South America and Africa
- Coal found in the Antarctic
- Mesosaurus found only in Brazil and SW Africa, freshwater, how did they swim in saltwater?
- Glacial deposits found also in Brazil and Africa
57
Who was Hess in 1960?
Came up with seafloor spreading
58
What is seafloor spreading?
Less dense materials rise to create an elevated area on the sea floor. The crust cracks and magma fuelled by convection currents rises to fill the gaps and spills onto the ocean floor. It cools and becomes part of the new sea.
59
How often do the earth's magnetic fields switch polarity?
every 400,000 years
60
What ore aligns with polarity once cooled and solidifed?
Iron oxide
61
What are magnetic fields measured by?
Magnetometers which show a pattern of switches as it moves away from the mid-Atlantic ridge.
62
What confirms the spreading of the MAR?
the further away you get from the MAR shows repeated reversals. The oldest is the furthest away from the ridge.
63
What does VEI stand for?
The volcanic explosivity index
64
What is VEI equivalent to for volcanos?
The richter scale
65
What is VEI used to identify?
Magnitude of volcanic eruption
66
What is the VEI scale?
0 to 8 (0 being the least explosive and 8 being the most)
67
Each increase in VEI is equivalent to almost a...
ten-fold increase in explosivity
68
What are tectonic hazards?
A naturally occurring event which has the potential to cause loss of life/financial losses.
69
What are primary hazards?
direct effect of the event and are usually instant
70
What are secondary hazards?
indirect effect of the event and may be days later
71
What is an icelandic volcano?
where lava flows gently from a fissure
72
What is a hawaiian volcano?
where lava is emitted gently but from a vent
73
What is a strombolian volcano?
where small but frequent eruptions occur
74
what is a vulcanian volcano?
more violent and less frequent
75
What is a vesuvian volcano?
a violent explosion after a long period of inactivity
76
What is a krakatoan volcano?
an exceptionally violent explosion that may remove much of the original cone
77
What is a pelean volcano?
a violent eruption is accompanied by a pyroclastic flow that may include a nuee ardent
78
What is a pilian volcano?
large amounts of lava and pyroclastic material are ejected
79
What are pyroclasts?
Hot broken fragments of rock ejected with great velocity
80
What is tephra?
Collective term for all airborne or ground flowing pyroclasts including solidified magma
81
What is an eruption column?
May include a white cloud column from emission of steam, dark masses of pyroclastic material and fine ash. Also known as "mushroom cloud"
82
What is a pyroclastic flow?
Hot and gas-charged, high velocity flow of tephra
83
What are atmospheric effects?
Ash and dust particles including acidic aerosols
84
What are landslides?
May form huge flows of rocks, mud and tephra
85
What are lahars?
Volcanic mudflows
86
What are lateral blasts?
Sideways and sudden release of pulverised rock and hot gases
87
What are lava flows?
causes fires and burial of land
88
What are poisonous gases?
ash-laden gases including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulphur dioxide
89
What is flooding?
Inundation of fresh or salt water. May be gradual or rapid
90
What is a fissure eruption?
two plates moving away from eachother making a large crack in the surface. Basaltic material flows over a certain distance. (Iceland, Greenland, North Ireland)
91
What are shield volcanos?
vent in the centre with a wide, gentle slope, allowing lava to spread over wide areas before solidifying (mauna loa in Hawaii, hotspot)
92
What is a cinder cone volcano?
A small cone with slightly concaved sides made of fine ash and large cinders
93
What is a composite cone volcano?
Mixture of cinder cones and acid volcanos. Alternate layers of ash and acidic lava. (Mt Etna)
94
What is a caldera?
If a volcano is located below the crater it is a lagoon, if not then it's a lake
95
What is the distribution of world's volcanos?
- Only on destructive subduction and constructive margins
- anomalies = hotspots
- linear belts
- heavy concentration around pacific ring of fire
- destructive have more explosive but less frequent eruptions
96
What are the 3Ps in managing volcanic hazards?
Prediction, Protection and Preparation
97
What is prediction?
Trying to forecast when the event will happen
98
What is Protection?
Constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in/tackling the hazard
99
What is preparation?
organising activities so that people know what to do
100
As magma rises what happens to gas emissions?
Gases escape from the depressurising magma.
101
What is the main gas in emissions from volcano?
Sulphur dioxide
102
If quantity of Sulphur Dioxide increases, what does this signal?
the start of a major eruptive sequence
103
How was Sulphur Dioxide measured in the Mount Pinatubo volcanic event?
amount of sulphur dioxide increased by 10 times in 2 weeks.
104
why does sulphur dioxide levels drop rapidly directly before an eruption?
the sealing of gas passages by hardened magma and so increases pressure in volcano and leads to explosive eruptions
105
What happens at Stromboli when looking at gas levels?
UV looks at images of sulphur gas plumes and the colour indicates concentration levels.
106
What is an eruption column?
107
What happens during ground deformation?
The swelling of the volcano signals that magma has collected near the surface
108
How do scientists collect data about ground deformation?
They monitor the active volcano, measure the tilt of the slope and track changes in the rate of swelling
109
What is used to track ground deformation?
Electronic tiltmeters
110
Which volcano in 1980 was there a detected bulge and how big was the bulge?
Mount. St. Helens and 150m bulge
111
What leads to thermal emissivity changes?
Magma movement, changes in gas release and hydrothermal activity
112
What can be used to monitor heat?
satellite imagery, activity of minor extrusive features such as geysers and hot springs and mapping to monitor this
113
Give a case study for thermal monitors
Mount Rainier in the Cascades.
- water temperature of draining channels is monitored
- sensors/probes are put in water and gas composition is looked at
- high figures will be a concern
114
What are thermal imaging cameras?
creates an image through temperature reading.
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What does black mean on a thermal camera?
cool
116
What does white mean on a thermal camera?
hotter and more mobile lava = more hazardous
117
What is thermotemperature?
involves sticking a rod in moving lava. helps circulate the chemical composition which can give an indication as to how far it will move
118
What can we do to protect houses from volcanic hazards?
ash fallout can be countered by having strong sloping roofs therefore not shedding heavy ash and preventing roof collapse
119
How do scientists divert magma?
They use explosives to blast diversion channels that will funnel the lava away from high risk/damage potential areas e.g. Mount Etna
120
What do they spray lava with and example?
They spray it with water to solidify it and stop it moving as with Heimaey in Iceland
121
What is community preparedness?
- evacuation is the most important method of hazard management.
122
What is a lahar siren and where is it used?
People have to retreat to an area of higher ground. It gives 40 mins warning. E.g. Mount Rainier
123
What is land use planning?
An agreed volcanic hazard map is agreed upon and from this land uses are regulated. Expensive land use will avoid high risk areas or uses that would only suffer low economic losses.
124
What is the distribution of earthquakes?
- 98% occur along plate boundaries
- powerful earthquakes are associated with destructive margins
- some occur away from plate boundaries which indicate the possibility of new fault lines
125
What is an earthquake?
A build up of pressure within the earth's crust and is suddenly released and the ground shakes violently.
126
What is the focus?
the point within the crust where the pressure release occurs
127
What is the epicentre?
The point immediately above the focus on the earth's surface
128
What is a shallow focus?
- 0-70km deep
- greatest damage
- 75%
129
130
What is an intermediate focus?
70-300km deep
131
What is a deep focus?
300+ km deep
132
What waves ripple from the focus?
Seismic waves
133
What are seismic waves?
vibrations that travel through the earth
134
What are body waves?
They are seismic waves which travel through the earth's interior
135
What are the two different types of body waves?
P-waves and S-waves
136
What are P-waves?
- fastest 4-7km/s
- longitudinal waves
- travel through solids, liquids and gases
- first to be detected by seismometers
137
What are S-waves?
- slower 2-5km/s
- transverse waves
- can only travel through solids (proves earth's outer core is liquid
138
What are surface waves?
they travel along the earth's surface
139
What are the two types of surface waves?
Love waves and Rayleigh waves
140
What are love waves?
- move in a side to side, horizontal motion
- most damaging
- travel only through earth's crust
141
What are rayleigh waves?
- elliptical rolling motion
- vertical and horizontal movement
- slower than love w. but can cause significant damage
142
What is an aftershock?
A smaller earthquake following the main shock of a larger earthquake
143
What is liquefaction?
Where the shaking of the earth by an earthquake reduces the strength of the soil, forcing the liquid to rise to the top
144
What are primary earthquake hazards?
Ground movement and shaking
145
What are secondary earthquake
soil liquefaction, landslides, avalanches and tsunamis
146
What is a tsunami?
A giant sea waves generated by shallow focus earthquakes, (underwater) or volcanic eruptions or large landslides into the sea
147
Give the characteristics of tsunamis in the open ocean
They have a long wavelength (crest to crest 100km) and low wave height (1-2m) in open ocean
148
What is the Richter Scale?
It's a ten base logarithmic scale meaning that in order of magnitude is 10 times more intensive than the last one
149
What is the Moment Magnitude scale?
Measures energy released during the earthquake which is related to the amount f movement on the fault line and the area of movement on the fault plane
150
What scale is the MMS?
A logarithmic scale meaning that a magnitude 6 earthquake has ten times more ground shaking than a magnitude 5
151
What is the Mercalli Scale?
It measures earthquake intensity on a scale of I-XII. This measures what people actively feel during an earthquake so it is subjective
152
Why is the Mercalli Scale subjective?
Shaking experienced depends on building type and quality, ground conditions and other factors
153
Why is the relationship between magnitude and death toll weak?
- some earthquakes cause secondary impacts such as landslides and tsunamis
- earthquakes hitting urban areas have greater impacts than those in rural areas
- level of development and level of preparedness affect death tolls
154
What is isostatic recoil?
When the weight of glaciers is lifted and subsequently uplifts
155
What does the location of the epicentre mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
Nearer an urban area = a greater threat of damage
156
What does the foundation type mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
Softer rock is more vulnerable to liquefaction
157
What does the depth of the focus mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
Shallow focus earthquakes will concentrate energy over a smaller area
158
What does the time of day mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
Worse when there is a heavy concentration in central urban areas
159
What does the duration of shaking mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
the longer it is = the more severe it is
160
What does the building style mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
is the building aseismic?
161
What does the community preparedness mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
owning an earthquake kit, following recommendations and knowing how to react
162
What does the emergency and relief services mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
efficiency and organisation
163
What does the economic conditions of the place mean for trying to manage an earthquake?
higher financial investment, the less impacts caused
164
How does a tsunami form? (5 words)
1) tectonic
2) build
3) travel
4) approach
5) impact
165
What is the tectonic part of the tsunami forming?
tectonic up thrust through the form of earthquakes and ocean floor volcanoes cause vast quantities of water to be displaced in a very short amount of time. This generates a massive amount of energy
166
What is the build part of the tsunami forming?
The energy from the quake or impulse causes a train of waves to propagate over the surface in circles at speeds as fast as 500mph
167
What is the travel part of the tsunami forming?
The wavelengths of the tsunami continue to grow with the wave periods growing from five minutes to more than hour
168
What is the approach part of the tsunami forming?
As the waves apporach the coastline they are slowed dramatically by the friction of their collision with the rising seabed. As velocity lessens, the wave lengths become shortened and amplitude increases
169
What is the impact part of the tsunami forming?
With the wavelengths compressed and heightened to large levels, the giant waves collide with the shore causing massive damage.
170
What is prediction of earthquakes?
- IT'S UNRELIABLE
- seismic gaps
- foreshocks
- animal behaviour
- radon gas emissions
- earthquake clusters
171
What are seismic gaps?
Areas that have not experienced recent earthquakes but are known to have active fault lines may be at risk of an earthquake. Monitoring these gaps is key
172
What are foreshocks?
Smaller earthquakes that occur before a larger one. While foreshocks are often observed before big earthquakes their reliability as a prediction tool is limited
173
What is animal behaviour?
Animals sometimes behave unusually before an earthquake but this is not scientifically reliable e.g. frogs have been reported to leave lakes before earthquakes
174
What are radon gas emissions?
Some studies suggest that radon levels in groundwater increase before an earthquake, though this is still debated
175
What are earthquake clusters?
When many smaller earthquakes happen over a short period of time in the same region, there may be a higher chance of a larger one
176
What does monitoring earthquakes involve?
tracking seismic activity to understand patterns and potentially provide warnings
177
What are seismometers?
Instruments that detect and measure the vibrations caused by seismic waves. (magnitude, location, depth)
178
What is GPS Technology?
detect movement along fault lines, monitoring the slow build-up of tectonic stress that may eventually be released by an earthquake
179
What are tiltmeters?
used to measure small changes in the ground's slope and can detect subtle shifts in the earth's crust before an earthquake
180
What is monitoring essential for?
providing real-time data and can give authorities the chance to issue alerts or take precautionary measures
181
What does planning involve?
designing and implementing strategies to minimize the damage caused by earthquakes
182
What is zoning and land use?
Urban planning involves restricting building development near fault lines or ensuring that infrastructure is resistant to earthquakes
183
What are building codes?
Stricter construction regulations ensure buildings are designed to withstand seismic forces. This includes reinforcing structures and using materials that absorb shock
184
What is public education?
Teaching communities about risks and how to respond such as "Drop, cover, hold on" during tremors
185
What are early warning systems?
Systems that can give people a few seconds to minutes of warning before strong shaking occurs allowing people to take cover or automated systems to halt public transportation, turn off gas valves or stop elevators
186
What does preparation involve?
ensuring that individuals and communities are ready for the event of an earthquake
187
What are emergency kits?
food, water, first aid supplies and flashlights
188
What are earthquake drills?
regular drills help individuals know how to react and stay safe
189
What is retrofitting
older buildings may be reinforced to withstand seismic activity (aseismic design)
190
What are evacuation plans?
clear evacuation routes and shelters
191
How does rolling weights help during an earthquake?
They counteract the shaking and help stabilise the building
192
What do rubber shock absorbers do?
absorb energy released and help reduce the shaking
193
What do identification numbers do?
Help helicopters to identify which buildings are damaged and which ones aren't
194
What does lattice work steel cage do?
Stabilises the building
195
What does managing tsunamis involve?
- prediction
- preparation
- response
- recovery
196
Seismographic monitoring
detects underwater earthquakes that could trigger tsunamis
197
Tsunami warning centres
organizations like the pacific tsunami warning centre and indian ocean tsunami warning system issue alerts
198
Deep ocean buoy systems (DART)
Measures sea level changes and sends real-time data
199
Tide-gauges and satellite monitoring
helps track the movement of tsunami waves
200
Sea walls and tsunami barriers
they reduce wave energy before reaching the shore
201
Mangrove and coral reef conservation
natural barriers that absorb wave energy
202
Elevated and reinforced buildings
prevent collapse and reduce casualties
203
Evacuation plans and drills
coastal communities practice rapid evacuations
204
signage and tsunami escape routes
clearly marked routes to high ground
205
public awareness campaigns
inform people about tsunami risks and actions
206
What are the conditions needed for a tropical storm to form?
- water over 70m deep
- water over 27 degrees
- within 5-23 degrees of the equator
207
Describe the characteristics of the coriolis effect
- The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the Earth, which deflects the movement of air and water.
- In the Northern Hemisphere, moving air is deflected to the right, in the Southern Hemisphere, it's deflected to the left.
- It affects global wind patterns, helping to create trade winds (which most tropical storms start from)
- The effect is strongest at the poles and zero at the equator
208
Describe a tropical storm
- Rotating rings of wind
- Central very low pressure area called the eye
- Rising air spirals out of the eye, and diverges at the top, in the outflow
209
What is the scale used for tropical storms?
- The saffir-simpson scale ranges from categories 1 to 5
- It measures the damage done by a storm, from minimal to catastrophic
(minimal, moderate, extensive, extreme, catastrophic)
210
How do you predict a tropical storm?
Weather patterns and satellite imagery
211
What is a storm surge?
A large rise in sea levels caused by strong winds and low pressure from the storm, pushing water towards coastal areas
212
What are the physical characteristics of a storm?
- Storm surge
- Strong winds
- Heavy rainfall
- Flooding (from rainfall and storm surge)
- Landslides (as water infiltrates soil and rock, decreasing stability)
213
What are the social impacts of a storm?
- Death and injury
- Houses destroyed, leaving many people homeless
- Lack of clean water spreads disease
214
What are the economic impacts of a storm?
- Rebuilding infrastructure is very expensive
- Businesses and agricultural land getting destroyed leaves many people unemployed
- Businesses and transport ports/airports prevents trade
215
What are environmental impacts of a storm?
- Ecosystems are contaminated by debris and saltwater, destroying them
- Coastal habitats are destroyed by sediment and debris being deposited in them
216
What are wildfires?
Unplanned, unwanted wild land fires including unauthorised human-induced fires. They are sometimes known as bushfires in Australia and brushfires in USA
217
Where do wildfires occur?
Every continent except Antarctica. They happen most frequently in hot areas where there are extended periods of drought
218
What do fires need to burn?
- heat
- fuel
- oxygen
219
What does high temp do to the fire?
preheat fuels in the fire's path so they burn more readily
220
What does strong winds do to the fire?
It can fan the flames pushing them towards new fuel sources and transferring embers and sparks which can start spot fire
221
what are forest fuels?
consist of ground, surface and aerial materials
222
what are ground fuels?
lie below the earth's surface e.g. tree roots
223
What are surface fuels?
include twigs, grasses, wood and needlesw
224
what are aerial fuels?
include tree , branches and hanging mosses
225
What are natural causes of wildfires?
- lightning
- spontaneous heating
- volcanic eruptions
226
What is spontaneous heating?
where material becomes heated to the point at which it catches fire without a spark.
227
What are human causes of wildfires?
- arson
- sparks from machinery
- bbqs
- cigarettes
- agricultural fires
228
What are the primary impacts of wildfires? ENVIRONMENTAL
- Destruction of habitats and ecosystems
- Death and injury of animals, which impacts on food chains and food webs
- Short-term surge of carbon dioxide due to the burning of carbon stores (trees)
- Atmospheric pollution resulting from smoke and water pollution as toxic ash gets washed into water courses.
229
What are the primary impacts of wildfires? SOCIAL
- Loss of life and injury
- Displacement - people being forced to temporarily live
elsewhere
- Disruption to power supplies if lines are damaged by strong winds
- Damage to mobile phone stations and telephone change affecting communications
230
What are the primary impacts of wildfires? ECONOMIC
- Damage/ destruction of structures (homes, pubile huki such as schools; fences and field troundarles)
- Financial loss (loss of earnings, damage costs)
- Destruction of businesses
- Loss of crops and livestock
231
What are the primary impacts of wildfires? POLITICAL
- Actions of emengensy services.
- Responses of local + national govt. -> 'state of emergency' declared.
- Pressure on local authorities + emergency services to coordinate + prioritise responses in the immediate aftermath.
232
What are the secondary impacts of wildfires? - ENVIRONMENTAL
- Lack of trees and vegetation causes depleton of nutrient stores, increased leaching and risk of flooding
- Increased carbon emissions impact on the greenhouse effect and climate charge
- Effects on ecosystem development - secondary succession
233
What are the secondary impacts of wildfires? - SOCIAL
- New employment/income stream needed.
- Behavioural adaptations based on wildfire experience - people may need to abide by new rules + regulations
234
What are the secondary impacts of wildfires? - ECONOMIC
- Cost of rebuilding/relocation
- Farm infrastructure rebuilding costs.
- Costs of preparedness/mitigation strategies.
235
What are the secondary impacts of wildfires? - POLITICAL
- Develop strategies for preparedness/ regulations + legislation.
- Review existing laws.
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What are the positives of wildfires?
- Insect + pest control.
- Removal of exotic or non-native species that compete w/ native species for nutrients.
- Addition of nutrients for trees + vegetation.
- E.g. pyrophytic vegetation (like Baobab + Banksia trees) = growth increases due to fires/fire-tolerant species -> thick bark = enables survival.
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