Natural (tectonic) hazards

Question 1

What is a hazard

Answer 1

A situation involving exposure to a danger

Question 2

What is a natural disaster

Answer 2

A physical occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress (caused by nature)

Question 3

What affects a natural hazard risk

Answer 3

Population (density)
Climate change
Time of day
Wealth
Depth of focus
Distance from epicentre

Question 4

Primary effects of earthquakes

Answer 4

Destruction of buildings
Injuries and death
Damage to transport systems
Pipes (water and gas) and electricity cables broken

Question 5

Secondary effects of earthquakes

Answer 5

Reduction in business as money spent on repairs
Lack of transports delays access to emergency services and aid
Broken gas pipes can cause fires
Broken water pipes mean there’s a lack of clean water

Question 6

Primary effects of volcanoes

Answer 6

Buildings and farmland destroyed
Death and injuries
Air travel halted (volcanic ash)
Water supplies contaminated

Question 7

Secondary effects of volcanoes

Answer 7

Economy slows
Emergency services and aid struggle to access areas
Possible flooding (if ice melts in icy areas)
Tourism increases (people come to watch)
Tourism decrease (people don’t want to go as businesses are shut)
Ash breaks down causing fertile land

Question 8

Example of an earthquake in a HIC

Answer 8

New Zealand

Question 9

Example of an earthquake in LIC

Answer 9

Haiti

Question 10

City affected by Haiti earthquake

Answer 10

Port Au Prince

Question 11

How many died in Christchurch earthquake (primary effect)

Answer 11

185

Question 12

How many injured in Christchurch earthquake (primary effect)

Answer 12

3,129

Question 13

How many properties damaged in Christchurch earthquake (primary effect)

Answer 13

100,000

Question 14

How many $ of damage was there from the Christchurch earthquake (primary effect)

Answer 14

$28 billion

Question 15

How many were in temporary housing after Christchurch (secondary effect)

Answer 15

2,200

Question 16

How long were school closed after Christchurch (secondary effect)

Answer 16

2 weeks

Question 17

How many years is it predicted to take for economy to recover after Christchurch (secondary effect)

Answer 17

50-100 years

Question 18

How much of the population migrated from Christchurch after the earthquake (secondary effect)

Answer 18

1/5

Question 19

How much international aid did Christchurch get (short term response)

Answer 19

$6-7 million

Question 20

How many residents had chemical toilets after Christchurch (short term response)

Answer 20

30,000

Question 21

What country provided over 300 officers to Christchurch, 3 days after earthquake (short term response)

Answer 21

Australia

Question 22

What was the purpose of Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority in Christchurch (long term response)

Answer 22

Rebuild region
Change planning laws and regulations

Question 23

When was the water and sewage restored after Christchurch (long term response)

Answer 23

August

Question 24

How many affordable homes were constructed after Christchurch (long term response)

Answer 24

10,000

Question 25

City affected by New Zealand earthquake

Answer 25

Christchurch

Question 26

How many died in Haiti earthquake (primary effect)

Answer 26

220,000

Question 27

How many were homeless after Haiti (secondary effect)

Answer 27

1.3 million

Question 28

How many were injured after Haiti (primary effect)

Answer 28

300,000

Question 29

How many residences were destroyed/severely damaged after Haiti (primary effect)

Answer 29

250,000

Question 30

How many commercial buildings were destroyed/severely damaged after Haiti (primary effect)

Answer 30

30,000

Question 31

How many people had no food/water after Haiti (secondary effect)

Answer 31

2,000,000

Question 32

What crime increased after Haiti (secondary effect)

Answer 32

Looting and sexual violence

Question 33

When were there outbreaks of cholera after Haiti (secondary effect)

Answer 33

November

Question 34

When was the earthquake in Haiti

Answer 34

12/1/2010

Question 35

When was the earthquake in Christchurch

Answer 35

22/2/2011

Question 36

How much money did UK government give Haiti (short term response)

Answer 36

£20 million

Question 37

Why did short term responses take so long to come to Haiti

Answer 37

Port was damaged

Question 38

What were Haiti residents provided with (short term response)

Answer 38

Bottled water and purification tablets

Question 39

How many people moved from Port Au Prince to less effected cities (short term response)

Answer 39

235,000

Question 40

What happened to housing standards in Haiti (long term response)

Answer 40

Improved

Question 41

How many people were still in temporary housing after a year in Haiti (long term response)

Answer 41

1,000,000

Question 42

How many km of road rebuilt in Haiti (long term response)

Answer 42

100

Question 43

What did rebuilding roads improve in Haiti (long term response)

Answer 43

Tourism Improved access to markets and services

Question 44

Where are most earthquakes and volcanoes

Answer 44

On plate margins

Question 45

What sort of plate margin was Haiti on

Answer 45

Conservative

Question 46

What sort of plate margin was Christchurch on

Answer 46

Conservative

Question 47

What plate margins do volcanoes occur on

Answer 47

Constructive Destructive

Question 48

What plate margins do earthquakes occur on

Answer 48

Constructive Destructive Conservative

Question 49

What volcanoes are at constructive plate margins

Answer 49

Shield volcanoes

Question 50

What volcanoes are at destructive plate margins

Answer 50

Composite volcanoes

Question 51

How are volcanoes formed at constructive plate margins

Answer 51

Magma rises through the gap between tectonic plates

Question 52

How are volcanoes formed at destructive plate margins

Answer 52

Oceanic plate subducts under continental plate Friction causes oceanic plate to melt Pressure forces magma to rise

Question 53

Size of earthquake at constructive plate boundaries

Answer 53

Small

Question 54

What are earthquakes like at destructive plate boundaries

Answer 54

Large and violent due to build up of pressure (friction)

Question 55

Why do earthquakes happen at conservative plate boundaries

Answer 55

As plates slide past each other they get caught and friction begins to build up until it is released as an earthquake

Question 56

What is an earthquake

Answer 56

A sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust followed by a series of shocks

Question 57

What is the focus of an earthquake

Answer 57

The point beneath the ground where the earthquake originated from

Question 58

What is the epicentre of an earthquake

Answer 58

The point on the surface above the focus

Question 59

How is the magnitude of an earthquake measured

Answer 59

On the moment magnitude scale (replaced the richter scale)

Question 60

How is the damage caused by an earthquake measured

Answer 60

On the mercalli scale

Question 61

What can we do to minimise the effects of a tectonic hazard

Answer 61

Predict Prepare Protect

Question 62

How do we predict an earthquake

Answer 62

Using seismometer we can predict where an earthquake will happen but it is very difficult to predict when it will happen

Question 63

How do we protect buildings for an earthquake

Answer 63

Have rubber shock absorbers in foundations of buildings to absorb earth tremors Have steel frames on buildings and buildings that can sway with the ground movement Have lots of open areas around buildings so people can evacuate

Question 64

How do we prepare people for an earthquake

Answer 64

Have regular drills (like in California) so people know what to do if there is an earthquake

Question 65

Why do LICs suffer more from natural disasters

Answer 65

They have less money to prepare and protect areas at risk Don't have money to immediately respond so it takes longer for them to recover

Question 66

Why do people still live near tectonic hazards

Answer 66

Family and community in the area More jobs and better income Fertile soil Resources Don't have enough money to move Areas are safe between disasters (don't think risk is great enough)

Question 67

What magnitude was the earthquake in Haiti

Answer 67

7

Question 68

What magnitude was the earthquake in Christchurch

Answer 68

6.3