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dev bio > Nature and Scope > Flashcards

Nature and Scope Flashcards

1
Q

first know embryologist; first known study of comparative developmental anatomy; identified the two major cell division patterns

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

animals are born from eggs= ___
live birth= ___
producing an egg that hatches inside the body=__

A

(oviparity)
viviparity
ovoviviparity

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3
Q

two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed:

A

holoblasic pattern;
meroblastic pattern

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4
Q

type of cell division pattern in which the entire egg is divided into successively smaller cells, as it is in frogs and mammals

A

holoblastic pattern

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5
Q

type of cell division pattern as in chicks, wherein only part of the egg is destined to become the embryo, while the other portion—the yolk—serves as nutrition for the embryo)

A

meroblastic pattern

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6
Q

he concluded that all animals—even mammals—originate from eggs

A

William Harvey

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7
Q

he was the first to see the blastoderm of the chick embryo; first to notice that “islands” of blood tissue form before the heart; suggested that the amniotic fluid might function as a “shock absorber”

A

William Harvey

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8
Q

he published the first microscopic account of chick development

A

Marcello Malpighi

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9
Q

he built a microscope; discovered sperms in human semen

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

he saw the mammalian egg under microscope

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

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11
Q

they postulated that egg and sperm cells and thus equivalent

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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12
Q

discovered the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei during fertilization in sea urchins; provided a conceptual basis for genetic inheritance and settled the long-standing debate on the role of the egg and sperm in generation of new life

A

Oscar Hertwig

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13
Q

discovered and understand mitosis; founder of the science of cytogenetics; the nucleus always splits before the cell does; able to visualize the threadlike material (chromatin) as the cells divide

A

Walther Fleming

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14
Q

he accurately drew pronuclear fusion in mouse

A

Johannes Sobotta

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15
Q

the man behind Preformation versus Epigenesis

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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16
Q

the form of living things exists, in real terms, prior to their development instead of assembly from parts; generation of offspring occurs as a result of an unfolding and growth of preformed parts

A

Preformation

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17
Q

embryological theory according to which “organs […] are progressively formed from, or emerge from, an originally undifferentiated, homogenous [material]”

A

Epigenesis

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18
Q

believed in the relationship between inducer and competent tissues paralleled that of the genes and the cytoplasm

A

Conrad Hal Waddington

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19
Q

he said that, “Neither cytoplasm nor nucleus can be disregarded: in fact the most important subject to discuss is how they affect each other”

A

Conrad Hal Waddington

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20
Q

an evolutionary morphologist, argued that some directing substance or substances had to exist to cause the egg of one species to develop differently from that of another species even though the eggs look identical and are in the same environment

A

William Keith Brooks

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21
Q

this person’s observation linked heredity to development

A

William Keith Brooks

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22
Q

combined genetics and embryology

A

B. Ephrussi, G.W. Beadle

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23
Q

is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop.

A

Developmental Biology

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24
Q

is the study of the organisms between the one-cell stage (zygote) and the end of the embryonic stage, which is not necessarily the beginning of free living.

A

Embryology

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25
Q

embryonic development involves (4)

A

cell division, cell growth, morphogenesis and cell differentiation.

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26
Q

describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form

A

ontogenesis

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27
Q

describes the process by which cells acquire a “type”

A

Cell Differentiation

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28
Q

involves structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism’s development, dependent on the control of gene expression

A

Cell Differentiation

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29
Q

two major types of cells:

A

pluripotent
totipotent

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30
Q

cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types

A

Pluripotent

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31
Q

cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types

A

Totipotent

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32
Q

2 examples of totipotent cells and 2 examples of pluripotent cells

A

Totipotent- zygote and early embryonic cells (mammals)
pluripotent- stem cell, meristematic cells

33
Q

process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized into one of the many cells that make up the body, such as heart, liver or muscle cell

A

differentiation

34
Q

Three basic categories of cells that make up the mammalian body

A
  1. Germ (Sex) Cells
  2. Somatic (Body) Cells
  3. Stem Cells
35
Q

majority of these cells are diploid (2n) or have two copies of each chromosome

A

somatic cells

36
Q

these cells includes most of the cells that make up the human body, such as skin and muscle cells

A

somatic cells

37
Q

are any line of cells that give rise to gametes- eggs and spermand are continuous through the generations

A

Germ line cells

38
Q

these cells have the ability to divide for indefinite period and to give rise to specialized cells

A

Stem cells

39
Q

Morphogenesis came from the Greek morphe “___” and genesis “___”

A

shape; creation

40
Q

concerned with the shapes of tissues, organs and entire organisms and the positions of the various specialized cell types

A

Morphogenesis

41
Q

it involves an attempt to understand the process that control the organized spatial distribution of cells that arises during the embryonic development of an organism which give rise to the characteristic form of tissues, organs and overall body anatomy

A

Morphogenesis

42
Q

Three (3) several important molecules that are important during morphogenesis:

A

Morphogens
Transcription Factor Proteins
Molecules that control Cell Adhesion

43
Q

soluble molecules that can diffuse and carry signals that control cell differentiation decisions in a concentration-dependent fashion; they typically act through binding to specific protein receptors

A

Morphogens

44
Q

these molecules determine the fate of cells by interacting with DNA; these can be coded for by master regulatory genes and either activate or deactivate the transcription other genes and in turn, these secondary gene products can regulate the expression of still other genes in a regulatory cascade

A

Transcription Factor Proteins

45
Q

is the process individual development from a single cell, an egg cell, or a zygote, to an adult organism

A

Ontogeny

46
Q

begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that
has the potential to form an entire organism

A

Development

47
Q

stages of development between fertilization and hatching (or birth) are collectively called ___

A

embryogenesis.

48
Q

stages of development (7)

A

fertilization,
cleavage,
gastrulation,
organogenesis,
hatching (or birth),
metamorphosis,
gametogenesis

49
Q

involves the fusion of the mature sex cells

A

Fertilization

50
Q

(collection of genes that helps instruct the embryo to develop in a manner very similar to its parents

A

genome

51
Q

series of mitotic divisions that immediately follow fertilization

A

Cleavage

52
Q

In cleavage, enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller cells called ___

A

blastomeres

53
Q

by the end of cleavage, the blastomeres have usually formed a sphere, known as a ___

A

blastula

54
Q

after the rate of mitotic division slows down, blastomeres undergo dramatic movements & change their positions relative to one another; this series of extensive cell rearrangements is called ____

A

gastrulation

55
Q

embryo is said to be in the ___ stage

A

gastrula

56
Q

as a result of gastrulation, the embryo contains ___ that will interact to generate the organs of the body

A

three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm)

57
Q

once the germ layers are established, the cells interact with one another and rearrange themselves to produce tissues and organs

A

organogenesis

58
Q

certain cells will undergo long migrations from their place of origin to their final location

A

Organogenesis

59
Q

organism needs to undergo metamorphosis to become a

A

sexually mature adult

60
Q

the young organism is called a

A

larva

61
Q

in some species, the ___ is the one that lasts the longest, and is used for feeding or dispersal

A

larval stage

62
Q

the ___ is a brief stage whose sole purpose is to reproduce

A

adult

63
Q

gametes and their precursor cells are collectively called ___

A

germ cells

64
Q

germ cells eventually migrate to the __, where they differentiate into ___

A

gonads; gametes

65
Q

the process of the fetus passing from the uterus into the outside world

A

Birth

66
Q

the act of conceiving or becoming pregnant; synonymous with fertilization

A

Conception

67
Q

means “growing within” and refers to the “human offspring in the first eight weeks following fertilization”

A

Embryo

68
Q

the first 8 weeks of human development starting with fertilization; characterized by the formation of most major body systems

A

Embryonic Period

69
Q

process that starts with the sperm entering the egg or oocyte, and ends with the joining of the female and male DNA within the single cell zygote

A

Fertilization

70
Q

the time from the end of eight weeks through the end of pregnancy; during this time the body grows larger and its systems begin to function

A

Fetal Period

71
Q

means “unborn offspring” and refers to human offspring from 8 weeks after fertilization until birth

A

Fetus

72
Q

the period of time around birth, from week 28 of pregnancy until 7 days after birth

A

Perinatal Period

73
Q

period of time following birth

A

Postnatal

74
Q

the condition of a female from the time of fertilization of her oocyte until birth, normally lasting 38 weeks for humans (or 40 weeks if measured from a woman’s last menstrual period

A

Pregnancy

75
Q

human development occurring between fertilization and birth

A

Prenatal Development

76
Q

the period of time from fertilization until birth

A

Prenatal Period

77
Q

Three month periods used to divide pregnancy into three stages of approximately equal length

A

Trimesters

78
Q

the single-cell embryo that results from the joining of the sperm and oocyte; means “yoked or joined together”

A

Zygote

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