Nature and Scope

Question 1

first know embryologist; first known study of comparative developmental anatomy; identified the two major cell division patterns

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

animals are born from eggs= ___
live birth= ___
producing an egg that hatches inside the body=__

Answer 2

(oviparity)
viviparity
ovoviviparity

Question 3

two major cell division patterns by which embryos are formed:

Answer 3

holoblasic pattern;
meroblastic pattern

Question 4

type of cell division pattern in which the entire egg is divided into successively smaller cells, as it is in frogs and mammals

Answer 4

holoblastic pattern

Question 5

type of cell division pattern as in chicks, wherein only part of the egg is destined to become the embryo, while the other portion—the yolk—serves as nutrition for the embryo)

Answer 5

meroblastic pattern

Question 6

he concluded that all animals—even mammals—originate from eggs

Answer 6

William Harvey

Question 7

he was the first to see the blastoderm of the chick embryo; first to notice that “islands” of blood tissue form before the heart; suggested that the amniotic fluid might function as a “shock absorber”

Answer 7

William Harvey

Question 8

he published the first microscopic account of chick development

Answer 8

Marcello Malpighi

Question 9

he built a microscope; discovered sperms in human semen

Answer 9

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 10

he saw the mammalian egg under microscope

Answer 10

Karl Ernst von Baer

Question 11

they postulated that egg and sperm cells and thus equivalent

Answer 11

Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Question 12

discovered the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei during fertilization in sea urchins; provided a conceptual basis for genetic inheritance and settled the long-standing debate on the role of the egg and sperm in generation of new life

Answer 12

Oscar Hertwig

Question 13

discovered and understand mitosis; founder of the science of cytogenetics; the nucleus always splits before the cell does; able to visualize the threadlike material (chromatin) as the cells divide

Answer 13

Walther Fleming

Question 14

he accurately drew pronuclear fusion in mouse

Answer 14

Johannes Sobotta

Question 15

the man behind Preformation versus Epigenesis

Answer 15

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 16

the form of living things exists, in real terms, prior to their development instead of assembly from parts; generation of offspring occurs as a result of an unfolding and growth of preformed parts

Answer 16

Preformation

Question 17

embryological theory according to which “organs […] are progressively formed from, or emerge from, an originally undifferentiated, homogenous [material]”

Answer 17

Epigenesis

Question 18

believed in the relationship between inducer and competent tissues paralleled that of the genes and the cytoplasm

Answer 18

Conrad Hal Waddington

Question 19

he said that, “Neither cytoplasm nor nucleus can be disregarded: in fact the most important subject to discuss is how they affect each other”

Answer 19

Conrad Hal Waddington

Question 20

an evolutionary morphologist, argued that some directing substance or substances had to exist to cause the egg of one species to develop differently from that of another species even though the eggs look identical and are in the same environment

Answer 20

William Keith Brooks

Question 21

this person’s observation linked heredity to development

Answer 21

William Keith Brooks

Question 22

combined genetics and embryology

Answer 22

B. Ephrussi, G.W. Beadle

Question 23

is the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop.

Answer 23

Developmental Biology

Question 24

is the study of the organisms between the one-cell stage (zygote) and the end of the embryonic stage, which is not necessarily the beginning of free living.

Answer 24

Embryology

Question 25

embryonic development involves (4)

Answer 25

cell division, cell growth, morphogenesis and cell differentiation.

Question 26

describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form

Answer 26

ontogenesis

Question 27

describes the process by which cells acquire a “type”

Answer 27

Cell Differentiation

Question 28

involves structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism’s development, dependent on the control of gene expression

Answer 28

Cell Differentiation

Question 29

two major types of cells:

Answer 29

pluripotent totipotent

Question 30

cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types

Answer 30

Pluripotent

Question 31

cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types

Answer 31

Totipotent

Question 32

2 examples of totipotent cells and 2 examples of pluripotent cells

Answer 32

Totipotent- zygote and early embryonic cells (mammals) pluripotent- stem cell, meristematic cells

Question 33

process by which an unspecialized cell becomes specialized into one of the many cells that make up the body, such as heart, liver or muscle cell

Answer 33

differentiation

Question 34

Three basic categories of cells that make up the mammalian body

Answer 34

1. Germ (Sex) Cells 2. Somatic (Body) Cells 3. Stem Cells

Question 35

majority of these cells are diploid (2n) or have two copies of each chromosome

Answer 35

somatic cells

Question 36

these cells includes most of the cells that make up the human body, such as skin and muscle cells

Answer 36

somatic cells

Question 37

are any line of cells that give rise to gametes- eggs and spermand are continuous through the generations

Answer 37

Germ line cells

Question 38

these cells have the ability to divide for indefinite period and to give rise to specialized cells

Answer 38

Stem cells

Question 39

Morphogenesis came from the Greek morphe “___” and genesis “___”

Answer 39

shape; creation

Question 40

concerned with the shapes of tissues, organs and entire organisms and the positions of the various specialized cell types

Answer 40

Morphogenesis

Question 41

it involves an attempt to understand the process that control the organized spatial distribution of cells that arises during the embryonic development of an organism which give rise to the characteristic form of tissues, organs and overall body anatomy

Answer 41

Morphogenesis

Question 42

Three (3) several important molecules that are important during morphogenesis:

Answer 42

Morphogens Transcription Factor Proteins Molecules that control Cell Adhesion

Question 43

soluble molecules that can diffuse and carry signals that control cell differentiation decisions in a concentration-dependent fashion; they typically act through binding to specific protein receptors

Answer 43

Morphogens

Question 44

these molecules determine the fate of cells by interacting with DNA; these can be coded for by master regulatory genes and either activate or deactivate the transcription other genes and in turn, these secondary gene products can regulate the expression of still other genes in a regulatory cascade

Answer 44

Transcription Factor Proteins

Question 45

is the process individual development from a single cell, an egg cell, or a zygote, to an adult organism

Answer 45

Ontogeny

Question 46

begins when a sperm fertilizes an egg and creates a single cell that has the potential to form an entire organism

Answer 46

Development

Question 47

stages of development between fertilization and hatching (or birth) are collectively called ___

Answer 47

embryogenesis.

Question 48

stages of development (7)

Answer 48

fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, hatching (or birth), metamorphosis, gametogenesis

Question 49

involves the fusion of the mature sex cells

Answer 49

Fertilization

Question 50

(collection of genes that helps instruct the embryo to develop in a manner very similar to its parents

Answer 50

genome

Question 51

series of mitotic divisions that immediately follow fertilization

Answer 51

Cleavage

Question 52

In cleavage, enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller cells called ___

Answer 52

blastomeres

Question 53

by the end of cleavage, the blastomeres have usually formed a sphere, known as a ___

Answer 53

blastula

Question 54

after the rate of mitotic division slows down, blastomeres undergo dramatic movements & change their positions relative to one another; this series of extensive cell rearrangements is called ____

Answer 54

gastrulation

Question 55

embryo is said to be in the ___ stage

Answer 55

gastrula

Question 56

as a result of gastrulation, the embryo contains ___ that will interact to generate the organs of the body

Answer 56

three germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm)

Question 57

once the germ layers are established, the cells interact with one another and rearrange themselves to produce tissues and organs

Answer 57

organogenesis

Question 58

certain cells will undergo long migrations from their place of origin to their final location

Answer 58

Organogenesis

Question 59

organism needs to undergo metamorphosis to become a

Answer 59

sexually mature adult

Question 60

the young organism is called a

Answer 60

larva

Question 61

in some species, the ___ is the one that lasts the longest, and is used for feeding or dispersal

Answer 61

larval stage

Question 62

the ___ is a brief stage whose sole purpose is to reproduce

Answer 62

adult

Question 63

gametes and their precursor cells are collectively called ___

Answer 63

germ cells

Question 64

germ cells eventually migrate to the __, where they differentiate into ___

Answer 64

gonads; gametes

Question 65

the process of the fetus passing from the uterus into the outside world

Answer 65

Birth

Question 66

the act of conceiving or becoming pregnant; synonymous with fertilization

Answer 66

Conception

Question 67

means “growing within” and refers to the “human offspring in the first eight weeks following fertilization”

Answer 67

Embryo

Question 68

the first 8 weeks of human development starting with fertilization; characterized by the formation of most major body systems

Answer 68

Embryonic Period

Question 69

process that starts with the sperm entering the egg or oocyte, and ends with the joining of the female and male DNA within the single cell zygote

Answer 69

Fertilization

Question 70

the time from the end of eight weeks through the end of pregnancy; during this time the body grows larger and its systems begin to function

Answer 70

Fetal Period

Question 71

means "unborn offspring" and refers to human offspring from 8 weeks after fertilization until birth

Answer 71

Fetus

Question 72

the period of time around birth, from week 28 of pregnancy until 7 days after birth

Answer 72

Perinatal Period

Question 73

period of time following birth

Answer 73

Postnatal

Question 74

the condition of a female from the time of fertilization of her oocyte until birth, normally lasting 38 weeks for humans (or 40 weeks if measured from a woman’s last menstrual period

Answer 74

Pregnancy

Question 75

human development occurring between fertilization and birth

Answer 75

Prenatal Development

Question 76

the period of time from fertilization until birth

Answer 76

Prenatal Period

Question 77

Three month periods used to divide pregnancy into three stages of approximately equal length

Answer 77

Trimesters

Question 78

the single-cell embryo that results from the joining of the sperm and oocyte; means "yoked or joined together"

Answer 78

Zygote