Nature, Nurture, & Human Diversity (Modules 10 and 12) Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

A

Behavioral Geneticists

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2
Q

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

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3
Q

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A

Environment

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4
Q

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

Chromosome

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5
Q

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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6
Q

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; small segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

A

Genes

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7
Q

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

A

Genome

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8
Q

Individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that split in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

A

Identical (monozygotic) Twins

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9
Q

Individuals who developed from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary siblings, but shared a prenatal environment

A

Fraternal (dizygotic) Twins

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10
Q

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

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11
Q

The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

A

Heritability

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12
Q

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

A

Interact

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13
Q

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

A

Molecular Genetics

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14
Q

The study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

A

Molecular Behavior Genetics

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15
Q

“Above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics; the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without a DNA change)

A

Epigenetics

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16
Q

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Culture

17
Q

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

A

Norms

18
Q

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

A

Individualist

19
Q

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

A

Collectivist

20
Q

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex

A

Sex

21
Q

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex

A

Gender

22
Q

Possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth

A

Intersex

23
Q

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

A

Aggression

24
Q

The sex chromosome found in males and females. Females typically have two X chromosomes; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child

A

X Chromosome

25
Q

The sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

A

Y Chromosome

26
Q

The most important male sex hormone. Males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

Testosterone

27
Q

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males

A

Estrogens

28
Q

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing

A

Puberty

29
Q

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

A

Primary Sex Characteristics

30
Q

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

A

Secondary Sex Characteristics

31
Q

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

Role

32
Q

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women

A

Gender Roles

33
Q

Our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female

A

Gender Identity

34
Q

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

A

Social Learning Theory

35
Q

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

Gender Typing

36
Q

Displaying both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics

A

Androgyny

37
Q

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-assigned sex

A

Transgender