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Nature vs Nurture Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Nature

A

An organism’s biological inheritance (genes).

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2
Q

Nurture

A

An organism’s environmental experiences.

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3
Q

Life Span Perspective

A

Views development as lifelong, starts from conception until death

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4
Q

Plasticity

A

The ability to adapt/change in response to environmental factors.

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5
Q

Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

When parents’ genes influence the environment they provide (e.g., intelligent parents providing books

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6
Q

Epigenetic View

A

Development results from bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.

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7
Q

Critical Period

A

A time when specific experiences must occur for normal development (e.g., vision: 3–8 months).

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8
Q

Sensitive Period

A

A time when a person is especially open to certain experiences (e.g., motor skills: birth–2.5 years).

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9
Q

Normative Age-Graded Influences

A

Events common to a specific age group (e.g., puberty, menopause)

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10
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people born around the same time (e.g., Baby Boomers).

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11
Q

The study of how heredity and environment influence individual differences.

A

Behavior Genetics

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12
Q

Instinctive learning where a young animal attaches to the first moving object.

A

Imprinting

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13
Q

Development as predictable responses to stimuli

A

Reactive Development/Mechanistic View

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14
Q

Development as internally initiated by an individual

A

Active Development/Organismic View

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15
Q

A household unit with one/two parents and their children.

A

Nuclear Family

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16
Q

Overgeneralizing an ethnic group, obscuring differences.

A

Ethnic Gloss

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17
Q

Prejudicial attitudes about older adults.

A

Ageism

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18
Q

Unusual events that disrupt the expected life cycle.

A

Nonnormative Influences

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19
Q

The unfolding of a natural sequence of physical/behavioral changes

A

Maturation

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20
Q

A social construct historically tied to biological categories.

A

Race

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21
Q

The ______ domain includes changes in thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

A

Cognitive

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22
Q

“Tabula Rasa” (blank slate) was proposed by ______.

A

John Locke

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23
Q

Identical twins share ______% of their genes, while fraternal twins share ~50%.

A

100

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24
Q

______ twins are compared in twin studies to assess genetic vs. environmental influence.

A

Identical and fraternal

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25
The ______ view argues development occurs in qualitatively different stages.
Discontinuity
26
______ refers to conditions increasing the likelihood of negative outcomes (e.g., poverty).
Risk Factors
27
The ______ family includes grandparents, aunts, and cousins
Extended
28
COVID-19 is an example of a ______-graded influence.
nonnormative history
29
The ______ period for human vision is 3–8 months.
Critical
30
Which theory emphasizes unconscious drives and stages (Freud)?
Psychosexual Theory
31
Vygotsky’s theory focusing on social interaction.
Sociocultural Theory
32
The physical domain includes changes in ______.
Body size, motor skills, and health
33
Bandura’s theory where learning occurs via observation.
Social-Learning Theory
34
Piaget’s theory of ______ development involves stages like sensorimotor.
Cognitive
35
Erikson’s theory focuses on ______ crises across the lifespan.
Psychosocial
36
Operant conditioning is associated with ______.
B.F. Skinner
37
Information-processing theory compares the mind to a ______.
Computer
38
A child’s smile eliciting more social interaction is an example of ______ correlation
Evocative genotype-environment
39
Adopted children’s traits compared to biological vs. adoptive parents are studied in ______ studies.
Adoption
40
Molecular modifications of DNA due to environmental inputs are called ______ mechanisms
Epigenetic
41
Contextual
refers to the idea that human development is shaped by various environmental, social, and cultural context.
42
Multidisciplinary
it combines more than one field
43
Multidirectional
have more than one function, occurring gains and loss at the same time.
44
Multidimensional
views development on more than one dimension
45
Continuity/Quantitative Change
Development involves either gradual, cumulative change. It is a process.
46
Discontinuity/Qualitative Change
It passes through a sequence of stages, which there are different changes occur in different stages/sequence.
47
___ is unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes
Maturation
48
Passive genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child
49
Evocative genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when the child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments. A child’s inborn characteristics can influence how others treat them.
50
Socioeconomic Status
Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation
51
Culture
refers to a society’s or group’s total way of life, including its customs, traditions, laws, knowledge, beliefs, values, language, and physical products; It is also constantly changing when in contract with other cultures.
52
Ethnic Group
A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity.
53
Race
Historically and popularly viewed as an identifiable biological category, is more accurately defined as a social construct. There is no scientific consensus on its definition, and it is impossible to measure reliably
54
Normative Age Graded Influences
Similar for people in a particular age group. Menstruation, puberty, etc
55
___ defines a sequence of “normal” life experiences.
Social Clock
56
____ is the prejudicial attitudes about older adults that characterizes them in negative ways
Ageism
57
Normative history-graded influences
significant events that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation. Covid, WWII, Zamboanga Siege.
58
Atypical Development
Development that deviates from the typical developmental pathway in a direction that is harmful to the individual
59
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the psychosexual theory active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
passive; nature and nurture, change (stages)
60
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the psychosocial theory active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
passive; both, change
60
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the classical conditioning active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
passive; nurture; stability
61
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the operant conditioning active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
Passive; Nurture; Stability
62
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the social learning theory active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
active; nurture; stability
63
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the cognitive develeopment theory active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
active; both; change
64
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the sociocultural theory active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
active; both; change
65
Indicate which one of the ff pairs is the information processing active or passive, nature or nurture, stability or change?
active; both; both

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