Theories Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
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Psychoanalytic Theories
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- Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily focused by emotion
- Believe that developmental change happens because internal drives and emotions influence behavior.
2
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Define identification in psychoanalytic theories
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Identification: The process of adapting characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parents ofthe same sex.
3
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How do moral feelings develop in psychoanalytic theories?
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Moral Feelings are the feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
4
Q
Psychosexual Theory
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- By Sigmund Freud
- Humans were born with a series of innate, biologically based drives such as hunger, sex, and aggression. People are motivated to satisfy these urges. Erogenous zones shift as we grow older.
− Basic personality is shaped during the first five years of life
5
Q
What is the optimum development in psychosexual theory?
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It requires an environment that will satisfy the unique needs of each period.
6
Q
Fixation occurs when too much or too little _____
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Gratification
7
Q
Freud was convinced that the problems of his patients were result from their ______.
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early experiences
8
Q
The internal drive for physical pleasure is ____.
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libido
9
Q
What are the three parts of personality?
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- ID: Operates under pleasure principle. Newborns are this.
- Ego: Ego is the reason which balances out the two, it tries to find realistic ways to satisfy the ID that is still acceptable to the Superego.
- Superego: This is the conscience of every individual
10
Q
Preschool child develops sexual attraction to opposite parent
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Oedipus Complex (for boys, but this can be applied for girls if we’re only focusing on Freud)
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Castration Complex
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Fears his father will know about his desires. Then will castrate/cut of his penis.
12
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Who developed Electra Complex
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- Carl Jung
13
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What does electra complex focuses on?
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It focuses on girls. They want to get pregnant by their father, sees her mother as a rival from father’s love.
14
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Before proceeding to latency stage, what happens?
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At around 5-6 years old, these feelings of being attracted to their opposite parents slowly stops because of their anxious feelings.
15
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What strengths does psychosexual theory has?
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Emphasizes the importance of the early stages, which gives light to some psychological disorders
16
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Weakness of psychosexual development?
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Weaknesses: Sexual feelings are not that important in development.
17
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Give and define the 8 defense mechanisms under psychosexual theory
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o Repression: Keeps unwanted thoughts from becoming conscious.
o Denial: Blocks external events from mind, denies that it happened or will happen.
o Projection: Attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person.
o Displacement: Satisfying an impulse (aggression) to a person or object they think will not harm/weaker than them.
o Regression: Behaves back in psychological time when faced with stress
o Sublimation: Satisfying aggression/stress in a more acceptable manner.
o Reaction Formation: unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness
o Rationalization: people distort reality in order to justify something that has happened
18
Q
Who developed psychosocial theory?
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Erik Erikson
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What was the inspiration of psychosocial theory?
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He followed Freud’s theory but believed there are some things that he missed.
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Define psychosocial theory
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- Motivation of human beings is social and the need to affiliate with other people.
- Erikson believes that developmental change occurs throughout the life span.
21
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The ____ that individuals must resolved is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential
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crisis
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____ is the strength of each crisis once resolved properly
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Virtue
23
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What is the strength of psychosocial theory?
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- Helps explain the role of culture in personality development; important in lifespan psychology; useful description of major themes of personality development at different ages
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What is the weakness of psychosocial theory?
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Weakness: The over simplification of each stage.
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What are the stages of psychosexual theory? (in order)
1. Oral Stage (birth to 18 months)
2. Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years old)
3. Phallic Stage (approximately 3 years old to 6 years old)
4. Latency Stage (6 to puberty)
5. Genital Stage (Puberty onwards)
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What is Oral Stage and its fixation?
- Source of pleasure: Mouth, lips tongue
- Any mouth-oriented activities Feeding, drinking, taste, etc.
- Symbiotic: Infant believes her and the mother is one.
Fixation: Smoking, overeating, passive, gullible
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What is Anal Stage and its fixation?
- Source of Pleasure: Anus
- Refusal and expelling of feces. Potty training is very important to them.
Fixation: Orderliness, obstinacy or messiness, disorganization
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What is Phallic Stage and its fixation?
- Source of pleasure: Genitals
- They start to develop sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent and develops aggression to
same sex parent.
- Before proceeding to latency stage, superego starts to develop.
Fixation: Vanity, recklessness, sexual dysfunction or deviancy
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What is Latency Stage and its fixation?
- Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills.
- Fixation: None
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What is Genital Stage and its fixation?
- Source of pleasure: Genitals
- A time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family.
- Fixation: Adults who have successfully integrated earlier stages should emerge with sincere interest in others and mature sexuality
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What are the stages/crisis under psychosocial theory? (In order)
1. Trust vs Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs Guilt
4. Industry vs Inferiority
5. Identity vs Confusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Generativity vs Stagnation
8. Integrity vs Despair
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Define the first stage of psychosocial theory
Trust vs Mistrust
- Sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live
- Depends on the reliability of the care and affection infants receive from their primary caretaker
Virtue: Hope
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Define the second stage of psychosocial theory
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- Infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own. They start to assert their sense of independence or autonomy.
- Caretakers must help the children in doing simple tasks to gain independence.
Virtue: Will
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Define the third stage of psychosocial theory
Initiative vs Guilt
- Preschool children encounter a widening social world, they face new challenges that require active, purposeful, responsible behavior
- Child develops initiative when trying new activities and is not overwhelmed by guilt
- A child need to have opportunities to interact with their peers.
Virtue: Purpose
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Define the fourth stage of psychosocial theory
Industry vs Inferiority
- Children now need to direct
their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills.
- They need support from the adults.
Virtue: Competence
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Define the fifth stage of psychosocial theory
Identity vs Confusion
- They start to explore roles.
- Adaptation of sense of self to pubertal changes, consideration
of future choices, achievement of a more mature sexual identity,
and search for new values
Virtue: Fidelity
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Define the sixth stage of psychosocial theory
Intimacy vs Isolation
- individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships
- persons develop intimate relationships beyond adolescent
love; many become parents
Virtue: Love
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Define the seventh stage of psychosocial theory
Generativity vs Stagnation
- Primarily a concern for helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives.
- people rear children, focus on occupational achievement or creativity, and train the next generation
Virtue: Care
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Define the eighth stage of psychosocial theory
Integrity vs Despair
- The person reflects on the past.
- person conducts a life review, integrates earlier stages and
comes to terms with basic identity; develops self-acceptance
Virtue: Wisdom
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What does cognitive theory focuses?
It emphasizes the thought processes of an individual
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In cognitive theories, there is an emphasis on _____ and ______; environment provides the setting for cognitive structures to develop
Interaction;Adaptation
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Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Development is the product of children in attempt to understand and act upon the world, and it is divided into four stages of development that children undergo
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What are the two cognitive processes of Piaget's Cognitive Developmet?
1. Organization: Tendency to create categories. (ex. Cats and dogs have similarities)
2. Adaptation: How children handle new information in light of what they already know.
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Define Equilibration
Equilibration: Balancing assimilation and accommodation
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What are the two processes of adaptation?
▪ Assimilation: taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures
▪ Accommodation: one’s cognitive structures to fit the new information.
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Adolescent’s egocentrism by David Elkind:
Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
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_____ is a belief that others are as interested in them
Imaginary Audience
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Personal Fable
involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
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What is moral feelings in cognitive development by Piaget?
It involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
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What are the two stages of moral reasoning in cognitive development by Piaget? (in order)
1. Heteronomous Morality (4-7 yrs old): Children believes justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
2. Autonomous Morality (10 yrs old +): They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.
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Immanent justice
Young children believes if a rule is broken, there will be a consequence/punishment.
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What are the stages of Cognitive Development by Piaget? (In order)
1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years old)
2. Preoperational Stage
(2 to 7 yrs old)
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 yrs old)
4. Formal Operational Stage (11/15 until adulthood)
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What are the two substages of the second stage of cognitive development by Piaget?
In Preoperational Stage
(2 to 7 yrs old) there are two substages:
1. Symbolic Function Substage of Preoperational (2 to 4 yrs old)
2. Intuitive Thought Substage of Preoperational (Around 4 and 7 yrs old)
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Define the first stage of cognitive development by Piaget
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years old)
- Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating
sensory experiences
- It highly focused on senses, instincts, and reflexes
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Substages of Sensorimotor (in order)
- Birth to 1 month: Use of reflexes
- 1-4 months: Primary circular reactions; repeat pleasurable behavior.
- 4-8 months: Secondary circular reactions; become more interested with the environment
- 8-12 months: Coordination of secondary schemes; use learned schemes to get what they want.
- 12-18 months: Tertiary circular reactions; show curiosity and experimentation
- 18-24 months: Mental Combinations; think about events and anticipate their consequences without always resorting to action.
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_____ is the ability to mentally represent objects and actions in memory
Representational ability
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Imitation
invisible imitation of facial expressions in newborns and sequence of actions as early as 6 weeks.
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Object Permanence
Understands an object still exists even when out of sight
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Symbolic Development
Understand visual information and use it to represent other things
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Categorization
understand that categories have subcategories
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Causality
Understanding that relationships exists even if we interact with them or not.
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What is the second stage of cognitive development by Piaget?
Preoperational Stage
(2 to 7 yrs old)
- Connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images, and drawings
- These are preschool children who still lacks internalized mental actions
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What is internalized mental actions?
Operations
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Conservation
an awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties even when altered
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Centration
which centering of attention on one characteristic or situation to the exclusion of all others
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Decenter
Children can’t think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation
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What children can attain in the second stage of cognitive development by Piaget
1. Theory of Mind: Children become more aware of mental activity and the functioning of the mind.
2. Understanding of Identities: Children are aware that superficial
alterations do not change the nature of things. (Teacher dressed as a pirate but know they are still a teacher.)
3. Understanding Cause and Effect: Children understands everything have causes and effects.
4. Ability to Classify
5. Understanding numbers
6. Empathy
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Define the first substage of the second stage of cognitive development by Piaget
Symbolic Function Substage of Preoperational (2 to 4 yrs old)
- The young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.
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What are the limitations of the first substage in cognitive development by Piaget?
Their thought still has important limitations:
1. Egocentrism: Inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective
2. Animism: The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
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What is the second substage in cognitive development by Piaget?
Intuitive Thought Substage of Preoperational (Around 4 and 7 yrs old)
- Relies on immediate, unconscious judgments and gut feelings.
- Children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions
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Define the third stage of cognitive development by Piaget?
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 yrs old)
- Children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples.
- However they still can’t think too abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.
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What can children do in the third stage of Piaget's theory?
1. Seriation is the ability to process of arranging objects in a specific order, such as by size, color, or shape.
2. Transitivity: which is the ability to logically combine relationship of objects and such to understand certain conclusions.
3. Causality: involves the ability to make judgments about cause and effect.
4. Spatial Thinking
5. Categorization
6. Seriation: process of arranging objects in a specific order, such as by size, color, or shape.
7. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning: Inductive is drawing a conclusion based from their observations, while deductive is their conclusion came from a series of ideas.
8. Number and Mathematics.
9. Class Inclusion: ability to see the relationship between a whole and its parts, and to understand the categories within a whole
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Define the last stage of Piaget's theory
Formal Operational Stage (11/15 until adulthood)
- Individuals move beyond concrete experiences and begin to think in abstract and more logical terms
- They begin to entertain possibilities for the future and are fascinated with what they can be.
- They become more systematic, developing hypotheses, and testing the hypothesis.
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