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NAV 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do meridians run top to bottom or left to right of a globe

A

Top to bottom

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2
Q

Does latitude run top to bottom or left to right of a globe

A

Left to right, in line with the equator

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3
Q

Does longitude run top to bottom or left to right of a globe

A

Top to bottom, runs through Greenwich

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4
Q

On a map what is a projection

A

Projecting a portion of a sphere (earth) onto a flat surface

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5
Q

Why can there not be a perfect projection of the earth onto a flat surface

A

Irrelevant of what projection is used there will always be a distortion of some kind

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6
Q

In nav what is a chart

A

A projection with additional information for a practical need, such as bare landmass with airways

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7
Q

In nav what is a map

A

Projection with essential geographical and topographical features. Additional aeronautical information may be overlaid to satisfy a need

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8
Q

What are three examples of cylindrical projection

A

1) Mercator projection
2) Transverse Mercator
3) Oblique Mercator

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9
Q

What is a Mercator (conformal) projection

A

Upright cylinder. North/South alignment
Meridians at longitude

At equator rhumb lines & great circles both appear straight

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10
Q

What is a Transverse Mercator projection

A

Cylinder on side, aligned to parallels of latitude

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11
Q

What is a Oblique Mercator projection

A

Cylindrical conformal map but the cylinder is wrapped around the ellipsoid so it touches the surface along the great circle for a chosen central line instead of the equator

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12
Q

What is conic projection

A

Cone placed over a globe touching equal points of a meridian of latitude

Very accurate for areas near the parallel

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13
Q

What is the full name of the conical projection

A

Lambert’s conformal conic projection

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14
Q

In NAV what is UTM in projections

A

Universal Transverse Mercator. Make 60 wedges for each UTM zone

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15
Q

In maps, what 5 characteristics are subject to distortion

A

1) Shape
2) Distance
3) Direction
4) Scale
5) Area

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16
Q

In maps, how do lines of latitude and longitude intersect on a map where shape is preserved

A

Intercept at right angles. Maps that keep shape are conformal projections

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17
Q

A map that can preserve distance from the centre of projection to all other points are called what

A

Equidistant. Distance between meridians are maintained

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18
Q

When a map is able to maintain direction what can be said about the angles of lines on the map

A

Angles from the central point or point on a line are preserved and portrayed correctly

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19
Q

What is scale in relation to a map characteristic

A

Ratio between a distance on a map vs the same on earth. No projection can maintain scale over large areas, but some can within 1%-2%

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20
Q

What is a map described as equal-area or equivalent

A

A map that can portray areas in proportional relationship to area on earth

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21
Q

What are the 5 properties of an ideal map in NAV

A

1) No distortion. Conformal, preserving shape and area at every point
2) Preserve angular relationships
3) Accurate size
4) Reasonably constant scale across whole chart
5) great circles and rhumb lines shown as straight lines

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22
Q

In a Lambert conical cone projection what are the visual elements of the meridians and parallels

A

Meridians are straight lines converging to the pole. Parallels are concentric circles centred to the nearest pole

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23
Q

In a Lambert conical cone projection what is the major benefit in relation to great circles

A

Great circles appear straight

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24
Q

In a Lambert conical cone projection what are some examples of its uses

A

Navigation, topographical mapping, geological mapping

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25
What are some properties of a Lambert conical cone projection
Reasonably accurate Distances = true Distortion of shapes and area minimal Preserve angles locally but not necessarily lengths
26
In a Mercator projection, what are the properties of the meridians and parallels
Both straight lines. Meridians equidistant, parallels increase in distance away from equator
27
What shape are rhumb lines on a Mercator projection
Straight lines, great circles are bent
28
In a Mercator projection, what can be said about direction and distance
Directions are true on any straight line. Distances are true only on the equator
29
In a stereographic projection, what are the properties of the meridians and parallels
Meridians project straight lines from the pole. Parallels are concentric circular arcs
30
What type of chart is needed to navigate round an airport
Aerodrome chart
31
What are some features of an aerodrome chart
Runways, taxiways, aprons, parking positions
32
What scale of maps do VFR flights typically use
1:500,000
33
What types of charts would an IFR pilot carry that a VFR pilot is less likely to carry
SID's STAR's Approach charts
34
In maps, what does a SID show
Standard instrument departure, standard departure route for an aircraft departing under IFR. Approved pre planned route
35
What three features may be found on an en-route chart
Route names VOR's Waypoints
36
What features may be found on an approach chart
Tracks to fly Ranges Levels
37
What is an approach chart trying to achieve
Guide an IFR aircraft to a specific runway using a specific approach aid
38
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Aerodrome - Civil
39
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Aerodrome - Civil with limited or no facilities
40
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Aerodrome government. Available for civil use
41
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Aerodrome - Government
42
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Microlight flying site
43
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Disused or abandoned aerodrome
44
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Training aerodrome, expect flight training and circuits
45
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Aerodrome unusual activity. Aerobatic/formation flying
46
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ)
47
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Customs aerodrome
48
What is this symbol on a chart showing
DME
49
What is this symbol on a chart showing
VOR
50
What is this symbol on a chart showing
VOR/DME pair
51
What is this symbol on a chart showing
UHF tactical air navigation aid (TACAN)
52
What is this symbol on a chart showing
NDB
53
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Maximum elevation
54
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Air traffic service unit area
55
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Radar advisory service zone
56
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Transponder mandatory zone
57
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Radio mandatory zone
58
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Reporting point
59
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Exceptionally high obstacle (lighted)
59
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Compulsory reporting point
60
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Single obstacle (unlit)
61
What is this symbol on a chart showing
Multiple obstacle (lit)
62
How does a UKVFR 1:250,000 chart differ from a 1:500,000 chart
1:250,000 more detailed. for GA flying, 8 maps of the UK & NI
63
What details does an IFR High alt mostly show
Nav positions (VOR & NDB), route names, 5 letter waypoints
64
What details does a mid level chart mostly show
Airspace classification & restrictions. More info than high level chart
65
What is the use of an aerodrome chart
Navigate taxiing around an aerodrome
66
What is the use of a VFR 1:500,000 chart
Navigate airspace boundaries Restricted areas Danger areas Navaids
67
What is the use of a VFR 1:250,000 chart
Slower aircraft/local flights wanting more detailed map
68
How is true air speed defined
The speed in knots of an aircraft relative to the airmass being travelled through
69
What three measurements are used to express direction
True, magnetic or compass relative to north
70
In nav what two ways can be used to describe and aircrafts velocity in a given direction and speed
1) Over the ground. Combination of the track over the ground and groundspeed. Track 045° Groundspeed 250kts 2) Through the air Combination of the heading through the air and true air speed Heading 040° True Airspeed 270 kts
71
How does heading and track differ
Heading is where the aircraft is pointing. Track is the direction of travel of the aircraft relative to the ground
72
In nav, what is an aircrafts drift angle
Difference between heading and track
73
In nav what is the triangle of velocities
Using aircraft heading, TAS and wind velocity to find track and groundspeed. Allows heading to be calculated factoring in the wind to achieve a desired track
74
In what unit are forecast winds reported
Degrees true
75
How is calibrated airspeed defined
Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error. Normally very similar to indicated airspeed
76
How is groundspeed defined
Aircrafts horizontal speed relative to ground
77
How is indicated airspeed defined
Airspeed read directly from airspeed indicator
78
How is Mach number defined
Ratio between true airspeed and local speed of sound
79
How is true airspeed defined
Actual speed of aircraft relative to the air mass within it is flying
80
What airspeed measurement could be considered the most pertinent
Indicated airspeed. What pilot uses for reference to stall speed, flap setting & rotation speeds. It is the speed ATC instruct to be flown
81
What two tools are used on an aircraft to calculate indicated airspeed
Difference between static and dynamic air pressure
82
What two major factors affect dynamic pressure an aircraft experience in flight
Speed and air density
83
What is true air speed accounting for that indicated airspeed is not
True accounts for altitude and atmospheric conditions. Useful for finding groundspeed as it equals true +/- wind speed
84
How does the Mach number change with altitude
Increase in altitude, decrease temperature so speed of sound decreases
85
What speed measurement is used to separate aircraft above FL290
Mach number
86
What four speed measurements are used in ATC
Mach number IAS TAS Groundspeed
87
What speed measurement do controllers use to separate aircraft below FL290
IAS
88
What is the use of true air speed (TAS) for controlling purposes
Flight planning, used on strips and flight plans
89
What airspeed is used for the initial and final stages of flight
Indicated air speed
90
What airspeed is used for navigation at cruising altitude
True air speed
91
What three errors may indicated air speed suffer
1) Instrument error. Faults in construction and calibration 2) Position error. Pitot tube at inaccurate angle 3) Density error. AKA height or temp error
92
What aircraft speed may be typically displayed on a radar screen
Groundspeed. As reported by transponder/radar
93

NAV (4 decks)

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