Navigation

Question 1

What is MEA?

Answer 1

Minimum Enroute IF altitude (MEA) – The lowest published altitude between radio fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes.

Question 2

Is the area before a displaced threshold usable for take-off or taxi?

Answer 2

Yes.

Question 3

What does the “x” symbol on an enroute chart indicate?

Answer 3

A mileage beak or turning point.

Question 4

If ATC instructs you to turn immediately to a designated heading on takeoff, when do you turn?

Answer 4

When ATC issues a clearance or instruction, pilots are expected to execute its provision upon receipt.

Question 5

A VASI is good to what distance during the day/night? SM or NM?

Answer 5

These lights are visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night. The visual glide path of the VASI provides safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10 degrees of the extended runway centerline and to 4 NM from the runway threshold.

Question 6

Computation for visual decent points…

Answer 6

Time- Take 10% of the HAT and subtract that from the time from FAF to MAP. Examples: MDA for LOC 27 (450) agl. Time on the approach is 3:00. 450x 10% = 45 seconds. Subtract 45 seconds from time from FAF to MAP 3:00 – :45 = 2:15 time on the approach to the VDP. Or :45 seconds from the runway.

Question 7

What are the rules related to MOAs?

Answer 7

MOAs are established for the purpose of separating certain non – hazardous military activities from IFR traffic may be cleared through the MOA if IFR separation can be provided by ATC. Otherwise, ATC reroute traffic.

Question 8

Two aircraft are traveling in the same direction 50 miles apart. Aircraft in the lead is going .76 mach, the aircraft in trail is going .86 mach. When will the second aircraft catch the first aircraft?

Answer 8

50 minutes. At FL260 0.1 mach = 1 mile per minute. At 50 miles apart, the faster aircraft will catch the slower aircraft in 50 minutes.

Question 9

What does a steady Green light signal from a control tower mean?

Answer 9

Air- Cleared to land. Ground – Cleared for T/O.

Question 10

How far apart do runways have to be to conduct simultaneous approaches to parallel runways?

Answer 10

An approach system permitting simultaneous ILS/MLS approaches to parallel runway with centerlines separated by 4,300 to 9,000 feet, and equipped with final monitor controllers. Simultaneous parallel ILS?MLS approaches require radar monitoring to ensure separation between aircraft on the adjacent parallel approach course.

Question 11

Be able to compute holding time given fuel burn rate, fuel available, reserves, etc.

Answer 11

Example: Fuel burn in the hold is 3000 lbs. per engine (2). You have 5000 lbs. holding fuel, How long can you hold? 50 minutes. Note: Holding fuel is Gross Weight – Zero Fuel Weight.

Question 12

What color and shape are compulsory checkpoints on an enroute chat?

Answer 12

Solid black and shaped as an equilateral triangle. Non-compulsory checkpoints are simply an outline of an equilateral triangle. A compulsory check point with name and INS coordinates is a solid black equilateral triangle with a small white dot within the triangle.

Question 13

What does a flashing red light signal from a control tower mean?

Answer 13

Air- Airport unsafe, do not land. Ground – Taxi clear of runway in use.

Question 14

If on a 3 degree glide slope at 700 feet per minute, as headwind increases what correction must be made?

Answer 14

Reduce the rate of descent (due to slower ground speed).

Question 15

Bearing pointer moves from 5 degrees in front of the wing to 5 degrees behind the wing in 8 minutes, you are going 360 knots. How far from the station are you?

Answer 15

288NM. Distance to the station in NM= Minutes x Speed/Degrees. In this example, Distance = 8*360/10 OR 288 miles./nOr, another method is to use 2 simple formulas, Time in Seconds/ Degrees of bearing change = Minutes to station. With minutes to station, simply multiply by GS (in miles per minutes) to equal distance. 480 (8 minutes)/ 10 degrees = 48 minutes from the station. 48 minutes x 6 (miles per minute) = 288.

Question 16

You are executing a missed approach on Runway 09 and get cleared to hold south on the 180 degree radial of the VOr on the field, at the 15 DME fix. What type entry?

Answer 16

Parallel Entry.

Question 17

Define MVA…

Answer 17

Minimum Vectoring Altitudes (MVA) are established for use by ATC when radar ATC is exercised. Each sector boundary is at least 3 miles from the obstruction determining the MVA. To avoid a large sector with an excessively high MVA due to an isolated prominent obstruction, the obstruction may be enclosed in a buffer area whose boundaries are at least 3 miles from the obstruction.

Question 18

You are on the 090 degree bearing to the station and are cleared to hold on the 060° bearing to the station. What is your initial heading outbound?

Answer 18

240 degree without wind correction. Extend outbound leg so that inbound leg is 1 minute (assuming standard hold). Triple inbound wind correction on outbound leg and use standard rate turns.

Question 19

What is the proper procedure if the decision to miss is made prior to reaching the MAP?

Answer 19

Obstacle protection for missed approach is predicated on the missed approach being initiated at the decision altitude/height (DA/H) or at the missed approach point and not lower than minimum descent altitude (MDA).

Question 20

Describe 4 different types of Airport Beacons…

Answer 20

Beacons rotate clockwise from above and at approximately 12PM. On average a pilot will see 24-30 flashes per minute. WHITE &GREEN- lighted land airport. 2WHITE AND 1 GREEN – Military airport. GREEN, YELLOW and WHITE –lighted HELIPORT. WHITE and YELLOW- lighted water airport.

Question 21

What does a flashing white light signal from a control tower mean?

Answer 21

Air- N/A Ground – Return to starting point.

Question 22

You are at FL350 going Mach.84, 112 miles from XYZ VOR. You are cleared to cross 12 miles outside of XYZ at 10,000ft and 250 KIAS. IAS in the Descent is 300Kts when do you start down?

Answer 22

Use 3 miles per 1000 feet of altitude loss, and 1 mile for every 10 knots to slow the airplane. 3×25=75 miles, 50kts of airspeed loss will take 5 miles.75+5+12=92 DME from XYZ VOR.

Question 23

The LOC inbound course is 360°, the final app fix is the XYZ VOR 090° radial at 20 DME. You are on the 288° Bearing to the station, established on the LOC. How far is the Final App Fix?

Answer 23

6 miles. 60 to 1 Rule. 60 miles out, 1 Deg = 1 mile, 20 miles out, 1 Deg = 1/3 mile. Bearing difference is 18 Deg/3 = 6 miles.

Question 24

What airspeed do you hold at when you are at 8000 ft?

Answer 24

230 kts.

Question 25

Are holding patterns drawn to scale on Approach charts?

Answer 25

Generally, no.

Question 26

Mach number and ground speed conversions: Take speed of sound (given in chart form) x mach number, + or – for temp different from standard.

Answer 26

FL250 Mach.7, Temp -4OC. 600x.7=420 (600 is speed of sound at FL250) this is TAS on a std day. Std Temp for FL250 is =-35C. ( Lapse rate 2C/1000ft, 15C at Sea Level {2 s 25=50,50=15=35C}) Actual temp at FL250 is -40C, 5deg colder than std. 5 x 1.2 = 6kts. (1.2 is the speed of sound change per deg C, increase speed with increase in temperature)Correction (colder than std, subtract 6kts) Answer: 420 – 6 = 414kts.

Question 27

The following reports should be made to ATC or FSS facilities without a specific ATC request…

Answer 27

Vacating any previously assigned altitude or flight level for a newly assigned altitude. Altitude change if operating on a clearance specifying VFR-on-top. When unable to climb/descend at a rate of a least 500 fpm. On missed approach. Change I airspeed by 5 percent or 10kts (whichever is greater) from filed. The time and altitude upon reaching a holding fix to which cleared. When leaving any assigned holding fix o point.

Question 28

What speed should you use when diverting to an alternate?

Answer 28

14 CFR part 121 fuel requirements for domestic, flag and supplemental: 3. Thereafter, to fly for 45 minutes at normal cruising fuel consumption.

Question 29

You are on an ILS and the preceding aircraft reports a speed loss of 20kts. What do you do?

Answer 29

Discontinue the approach. The definition of severe wind shear is “a rapid change in wind direction or velocity cause airspeed changes greater than 15 knots…”

Question 30

What is a MEA?

Answer 30

MEA, or Minimum Enroute IFR Altitude, is the lowest published altitude between radio fixes that meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes and in many countries assures acceptable navigational signal coverage.

Question 31

When is a takeoff alternate required under Part 121?

Answer 31

if the weather condition at the airport of takeoff are below the landing minimums in the certificate holder’s operations specifications for that airport, no person may dispatch or release an aircraft from that airport.

Question 32

How is a grid MORA displayed on an enroute chat?

Answer 32

Grid MORAs are displayed in a light green (when less than 14,000 feet and maroon when above 14,000 feet), bolded san serif font on Enroute Charts in hundreds of feet. They provide 1,000 feet clearance of all terrain and man- made structures in area where the highest elevations are 5,000 feet MSL and 2,000 foot clearance In areas where the highest elevations are 5,001 feet MSL o higher.

Question 33

Be able to compute descent rates, given speed in mach numbers, distance, and altitude to lose.

Answer 33

To verify the airplane is on an approximate 3 degree glide-path, use a calculation of 300-foot-to-1-NM. The glide-path height above TDZE is calculated by multiplying the NM distance from the threshold by 300.

Question 34

Class “D” airspace description and limitations?

Answer 34

Surface to 2,500 AGL surrounding an airport with an operating control tower. Normally circular area with a radius of 4NM. VFR operations; Visibility of 3NM, cloud clearance of 500 below, 1,000 above and 2,000 horizontally ceiling of 1000 feet or special VFR. Two way communication must be established prior to entry.

Question 35

Name any 3 of the 12 keywords that must be part of the text after the location identifier in a NOTAM D…

Answer 35

RWY, TWY, RAMP, APRON, AD,OBST,NAV,COM,SVC,AIRSPACE,U or O.

Question 36

How far away can a takeoff alternate be for an aircraft with two or more engines?

Answer 36

Aircraft having two engines. Not more than one hour from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative. Aircraft having three or more engines. Not more than two hours from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative

Question 37

Where can you find a minimum crossing altitude on an enroute chart?

Answer 37

L MCAs are found underneath officially named intersections and may include direction for flights. Example; LOMAS MCA FL 60 SE indicates an MCA of 6,000 feet for SE bound flights only off an intersection name LOMAS.

Question 38

What is the frequency range for an VOR?

Answer 38

VORs operate within the 108.0 to 117.95 MHz.

Question 39

A PAPI showing 4 white lights indicates the aircraft is high by more than x degrees?

Answer 39

3.5 degrees o more. 4 reds is lower than 2.5 degrees.

Question 40

Class “B” airspace description and limitations?

Answer 40

Surface to 7,000 feet or up to 12,500 feet surrounding the nation’s busiest airports. Clearance to enter is required. For VFR operations; 3 miles, Clear of Clouds and at least 1,000 foot ceilings, or Special VFR, Speed limit is 250 knots.

Question 41

A 747 is traveling at 120kts and is crossing the outer marker which is 5 miles away from the runway. A DC-9 is traveling at 150kts, and is 7 miles behind the B747. Where will the DC-9 be when the 747 lands?

Answer 41

5.75 miles behind the 747. The 747 will land in 2.5 minutes. The DC-9 is traveling at 2.5 miles/minute. In 2.5 minutes the DC-9 will have traveled 6.25 miles. It was originally 12 miles from the runway so it is now 5.75 miles from the runway, or .75 miles outside of the marker.

Question 42

Under what conditions will the ILS critical area be in effect?

Answer 42

Less than ceiling 800 feet and/o visibility 2 miles.

Question 43

Where is the FAF on an ILS?

Answer 43

By definition, the FAF on a precision approach is the point where the minimum glide slope intercept altitude intercepts the glide slop. It is designated on Government charts by the lightning bolt symbol for precision approaches; or when ATC directs a lower-than-published glideslope/path intercept altitude, it is the resultant actual point of the glideslope/path intercept.

Question 44

What does a flashing green light signal from a control tower mean?

Answer 44

Air- Return for Landing. Ground –Cleared for Taxi

Question 45

How do you identify a MORA on an enroute chart?

Answer 45

MORAs are printed with an “a” following the altitude.

Question 46

You are flying a circling approach when you lose sight of the runway, how do you execute the missed approach?

Answer 46

Follow the missed approach procedure for the approached used. Make a climbing turn towards the landing runway, continue the turn until established on the missed approach course.

Question 47

Convert Mach number to ground speed …

Answer 47

At FL260 Mach 0.8 = 480 knots. 480/60 = 8 miles per minute. 0.7 = 420 knots = 7 miles per minute. 0.6 = 360 knots = 6 miles per minute. 0.5 = 300 knots = 5 miles per minute.

Question 48

Class “A” airspace description and limitation?

Answer 48

All airspace from 18,000 feet up to and including 60,000 feet within the 48 contiguous states (including DC) and most of Alaska plus the airspace within 12NM offshore.

Question 49

How long does the touchdown zone lighting extend on a runway?

Answer 49

The system consists of steady- burning white lights which stat 100 feet beyond the landing threshold and extend to 3,000 feet beyond the landing threshold or to the midpoint of the runway, whichever is less.

Question 50

You take position and hold on runway 9L in ATL. The published magnetic heading is 092 and your compass reads 088. The wind is 360 at 10. You are cleared for takoff and told to fly runway heading. What heading do you fly?

Answer 50

092. From FAR/AIM; RUNWAY HEADING – The magnetic direction that corresponds with the runway centerline extended not the painted runway number. When cleared to “fly or maintain the heading that corresponds with the extended centerline of the departure runway. Drift correction is not applied; e.g., Runway 4, actual magnetic heading of the runway centerline 044, fly 044.

Question 51

2 rows of traverse light bars disposed symmetrically about the runway centerline describes which type of lighting?

Answer 51

Touchdown zone lighting, or TDZL.

Question 52

Up to what distance is a compass locator usable?

Answer 52

The transmitters have a power of less than 25 watts, a range of at least 15 miles and operate between 190 and 535kHz.

Question 53

How do you find hours of operation of an airport?

Answer 53

Airport/Facility Directory (abbreviated A/FD).

Question 54

Is a stopway usable for take-off or taxi?

Answer 54

No.

Question 55

You are FL370 in cruise flight. The OAT increases 5° and the headwind increases 5kts. What happens to your TAS and GS?

Answer 55

5×1.2=6 kts. Gain in TAS, and GS increases by 1kt.

Question 56

Which color on a tri-clor VASI indicates the aircraft is low?

Answer 56

The below glidepath indication is red, the above glidepath indication is amber and on glideslope is green.

Question 57

What is a MSA?

Answer 57

Minimum Safe Altitude depicted on an instrument approach chart and identified as the minimum safe altitude which provides 1000 feet of obstacle clearance within a 25 NM radius from the navigation facility upon which thee MSA is predicated. This altitude us for EMERGENCY USE ONLY and does not guarantee navaid reception.

Question 58

What is calibrated airspeed?

Answer 58

Calibrated airspeed is the result of correcting IAS for error of the instrument and errors due to position or location of the installation.

Question 59

Class “C” airspace description and limitation?

Answer 59

Surface to 4,000 AGL at an airport with an operating control tower. For VFR operations; 3 SM, cloud clearance of 500 below, 1000 above and 2,00 horizontally, ceiling of 1000 feet, o Special VFR. Typically 5NM radius core with a possible 10NM shelf that extends from 1,299 feet to 4,000 feet. Outer area may contain 20 NM shelf. Two way communications must be established before entry.

Question 60

Figure rate of descent necessary for an 3° ILS…

Answer 60

Example; 180 kts GS, 180 x.5=900 fpm. OR 180/2 +zero = 90 +0 = 900 fpm.

Question 61

What is equivalent airspeed?

Answer 61

EAS is the result of correcting CAS for compressibility effects. At high flight speeds the stagnation pressure recovered in the pilot tube is not representative of the mainstream dynamic pressure due to a magnification by compressibility.

Question 62

What is the 60-1 rule?

Answer 62

The rule is based on the small angle approximation (which states that, for small angles, sin θ ≈ θ, where θ is in radians), along with the fact that one radian (which is about 57.3°) is close to 60°. In reality a 1 mile in 60 error is 0.96°, and the rule becomes increasingly inaccurate for larger errors. But since even a skilled pilot cannot manually fly with better than about 2° accuracy, and winds are constantly varying, the rule remains useful for most realistic situations.

Question 63

What is MDA?

Answer 63

Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA)- the lowest altitude, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering in execution of a standard instrument approached procedure where no electronic glideslope is provided.

Question 64

How do you identify an MEA on an enoute chart?

Answer 64

MEAs are printed in red and simply show the MEA altitude along an airway.

Question 65

What is 1600RVR converted to statute miles?

Answer 65

¼ statute miles.

Question 66

How do you calculate a VDP?

Answer 66

Calculate the VDP by dividing the MDA height above terrain by 300. Example, if the HAT or MDA is 600; 600/300 = 2 miles. The VDP is the point at which a three degree glide slope from the threshold intersects the Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA).

Question 67

Define Class B airspace?

Answer 67

Airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports. The configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface area and two or more layers (think upside down wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all published instrument procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. An ATC clearance is required for all aircraft to operate in the area.

Question 68

What is MSA?

Answer 68

Minimum Safe/Sector Altitudes (MSA) are published for emergency use on IAP charts. MSAs are in MSL and have a 25 NM radius: A single sector altitude is depicted on the plan view of approach charts. When necessary, the area may be further sectored into 4 separate MSAs. Sectors may be no less than 90 in spread. MSAs provide 1000 ft clearance over all obstructions but do not assure acceptable navigation signal coverage.

Question 69

What is the reciprocal of 318°?

Answer 69

(+2,-2 method) 138°.

Question 70

What does a red and green light signal from a control tower mean?

Answer 70

Exercise Extreme Caution.

Question 71

What is indicated airspeed?

Answer 71

Indicated airspeed is the actual instrument indication for some given flight condition. Factors such as an altitude other than standard sea level, errors of the instrument and errors due to the installation, compressibility, etc. may create great variance between this instrument and actual flight speed.

Question 72

What does a steady red light signal from a control tower mean?

Answer 72

Air – Give way to other aircraft, continue circling. Ground – Stop

Question 73

What is the maximum permissible variation between the two bearing indicators on a dual VOR system when checking one VOR system when checking one VOR against another?

Answer 73

The maximum permissible variation between the two indicated bearings is 4 degrees.

Question 74

What does EFIS stand for?

Answer 74

Electronic Flight Instrument System.

Question 75

What is the speed limit in class B airspace?

Answer 75

250 Knots.

Question 76

You are at FL340, GS is 480 kts, You are 96 DME from the VOR. At what Descent Rate would you use to cross a VOR at 10,000 ft.

Answer 76

You are going 8 miles a minute, You are 12 minutes from the VOR. 12 minutes to lose 24,000 ft = 2000 fpm.

Question 77

How often are NOTAMs issued?

Answer 77

The Notices to Airmen publication is issued every 28 days.

Question 78

Runway remaining centerline lighting system consists of…

Answer 78

Alternate red and white light from 3,000 feet to 1,000 feet, then red lights to the end.

Question 79

You are entering a hold and your L/D max speed is above the max holding speed for FAR91. What speed do you hold at?

Answer 79

Max Hold Speed for FAR91 as long as it is 1.3 times VS.

Question 80

What is a MOCA?

Answer 80

Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude us the lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off airway routes or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and in the USA assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22 nautical miles of a VOR.

Question 81

You are flying at 0.86 Mach, and you elect to slow down for operational purposes. Below what airspeed do you have to advise ATC? 0.85, 0.84, 0.83, 0.82

Answer 81

Mach .82. Assuming FL360, 10 KIAS reduction in Mach is the equivalent of .82 Mach.

Question 82

What is the maximum airspeed in class D airspace?

Answer 82

200 KIAS or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class D airspace.

Question 83

When is a destination alternate required under Part 121?

Answer 83

No alternate airport is required if for at least 1 hour before and 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival at the destination airport the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate – (1) The ceiling will be at least 2,000 feet above the airport elevation; and (2) Visibility will be at least 3 miles.

Question 84

How can you determine whether a VOR has DME capability?

Answer 84

DME capability is indicated by a small “D” preceding the VOR frequency within a navaid identification box on any Jepp.

Question 85

What is the frequency range for an localizer?

Answer 85

The localizer transmitter operates on one of 40 ILS channels within the frequency range of 108.10 to 111.95 MHz

Question 86

What are standard takeoff minimums?

Answer 86

For aircraft having two engines or less- one statue mile visibility. For aircraft having more than two engines – ½ statute mile visibility.

Question 87

For a 3 degree descent, how do you determine distance and rate of descent?

Answer 87

Determine the distance to begin the descent by multiplying the altitude (in thousands) by 3. To determine the rate of descent, multiply ground speed by 5.

Question 88

How do you identify a MOCA on an enroute chart?

Answer 88

MOCAs are printed with a “T” following the altitude.

Question 89

L/D Max= 240KIAS, Vflaps=205KIAS, Vs = 149KIAS, You get a holding clearance for 7000ft, at what speed do you hold?

Answer 89

230 KIAS (max holding speed between 6000 ft and 14000 ft) Ideally, an aircraft should fly in a holding pattern at a speed which minimizes fuel flow but within pattern at a speed which minimizes fuel flow but within the constraints of aircraft/company operational criteria and FAA established recommended guidelines. Without those constraints, the best profile to fly to minimize fuel flow would be at a speed slightly slower than the speed for minimum drag. In this case 230 KIAS.

Question 90

What is an MORA?

Answer 90

Minimum Off-Route Altitude derived by Jeppesen. MORA provides known obstruction clearance 10 NM either side if a route centerline including a 10 NM radius beyond the radio fix reporting or mileage break defining the route segment.

Question 91

You are on a 20 DME arc at 240kts GS. What will your lead radial be to intercept the final approach course? 1-4 radials, 5-8 radials, 9-12 radials.

Answer 91

5-8 Radials. The aircraft is moving at 4miles per minute (240 Knots), a standard rate turn (2 minutes/360 degrees) will take 30 seconds to complete (90 degree turn or 2 minutes ie 360/4) and the aircraft will travel 2 miles. Using the 60-to-1 guidelines, the aircraft will travel 6 radials in the 30 second turn to final.

Question 92

What color are IFR airports on Enroute Charts?

Answer 92

IFR airports are blue with tick marks (which designate the airport as Civilian as opposed to Military airports without tick marks) around the blue circle. VFR airports are green.