NCE-HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

Tabula rasa

Answer 1

John Locke’s POV that children are born a “blank slate” and acquire characteristics through experience

Question 2

Robert Havighurst

Answer 2

Theory of development: identified stages of growth & developmental tasks

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

Skinner and Watson: the environment drives human development

Question 4

Edward Thorndike

Answer 4

when a stimulus-response connection is followed by a reward, that connection is strengthened

Question 5

Classical conditioning

Answer 5

food-salivation vs. bell-salivation (pairing of two unrelated stimuli–> same response)

Question 6

Operant conditioning

Answer 6

chores–> hug or a cookie
**reinforcement of a behavior with a reinforcer (+/-)

Question 7

Fixed ratio

Answer 7

Behavioral: reinforced by a fixed NUMBER of responses

Question 8

variable ratio

Answer 8

Behavioral: reinforced, on the AVERAGE, every nth response (ex: every 3rd)

Question 9

fixed interval

Answer 9

Behavioral: reinforced after a fixed period of TIME

Question 10

Variable interval

Answer 10

Behavioral: reinforced, on AVERAGE, every nth minute/hour

Question 11

5 stages of development-Freud

Answer 11

Psychoanalytic:
Oral: birth-18 mom
Anal: 2-3 y/o
Phallic: 3-5 y/o (electra/oedipus)
Latent: 6-12 y/o
Genital: 12+

Question 12

projection

Answer 12

PsychoanalyticProjecting my PERSONAL feelings onto someone else

Question 13

reaction formation

Answer 13

Psychoanalytic: expressing a feeling in a completely different way than intended/true (ex: I hate someone, so I’m extra nice to them)

Question 14

displacement

Answer 14

Psychoanalytic: displacing or projecting my feelings onto a different target than intended (ex: I hate my boss and am angry, but choose to take it out on my wife)

Question 15

Introjection

Answer 15

Psychoanalytic: taking on the values and beliefs of others and integrating as your own

Question 16

sublimation

Answer 16

Psychoanalytic: channeling energy into a socially acceptable activity rather than anxiety/tension

Question 17

Erikson’s 8 stages

Answer 17

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-18 mos; Hope)
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-3 y/o) (Will–sense of self): developing independence and sense of self
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Responsibility) (3-6 y/o) (Purpose, goal setting): meeting challenges and assuming responsibility
4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-11 y/o) (Competence): mastering social and academic skills
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 y/o) (Fidelity= commitment): social and vocational identity development
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood) (Love): intimate relationships and connection
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood; Care): wanting to contribute value and make a difference
8. Integrity vs. Despair (later adulthood; wisdom): regrets vs. content

Question 18

Piaget’s stages

Answer 18

1. Sensorimotor (birth-2): Learning through the senses; can differentiate objects from the self; can think of an object that is not present
2. Preoperational (2-7): language development, symbols, Egocentric, lack of others’ POV, centrism
3. Concrete operational (7-11): logical thinking, law of conservation
4. Formal operational (11+): abstract thinking

Question 19

Kohlberg

Answer 19

Moral Development theory
1. Pre-conventional: Punishment and obedience orientation
2. Conventional: Societal norms and expectations
3. Post-conventional: Universal ethical principals

Question 20

Levinson and the midlife crisis

Answer 20

Most commonly in middle age d/t empty nest syndrome

Theory of development: Believed people experience 3 transitions in life (early, mid, and late adulthood) that challenge the individual to complete developmental tasks

Question 21

Brofenbrenner

Answer 21

systematic approach of human development: Individual–> Microsystem—> Mesosystem–> Ecosystem–> Macrosystem–> Chronosystem

Question 22

Albert Bandura’s Theory of Development

Answer 22

Social Learning Theory: development is informed by the environment (social) + cognitive factors (Learning)

Question 23

Primary principle of social learning theory?

Answer 23

Self-efficacy: ability to complete a task

Question 24

Theory of Intelligence: Spearman

Answer 24

Psychometric: two-factor theory or the g-factor theory, suggests that intelligence is composed of two distinct factors: the general factor (g) and specific factors

Question 25

Theory of Intelligence: Thurnstone

Answer 25

Psychometric: In contradiction to Spearman’s theory of intelligence, challenged the g factor and instead states that intelligence consists of multiple primary mental abilities that are relatively independent of each other

Question 26

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 26

Cognitive: Expand the traditional notion of intelligence beyond IQ tests. Gardner’s theory suggests that intelligence is not a single, fixed entity but rather a set of distinct cognitive abilities or intelligences. 8 total intelligences

Question 27

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Answer 27

Cognitive: intelligence is comprised of three distinct but related components: Analytical, Creative, and Practical Intelligence

Question 28

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Development

Answer 28

the role of social interactions and cultural context in shaping cognitive development and learning

Question 29

Components of a mental status exam

Answer 29

Appearance and behavior
Thought processes
mood and affect
intellectual functioning
sensorium

(ATM IS)