Neck & Suboccipital LOs

Question 1

What is the investing fascia of the neck? What are its content?

Answer 1

• most superficial layer of fasica, deep to the platisma
• encircles sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, periphery of neck

Question 2

What is the pretracheal fascia of the neck? What are its content?

Answer 2

• encircles the infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and thyroid cartilage, esophagus and the trachea

Question 3

What is the prevertebral fascia of the neck? What are its content?

Answer 3

• encircles the vertebral structures and the deep flexors and extensors of the neck

Question 4

What is the carotid sheath of the neck? What are its content?

Answer 4

• aka deep cervical fascia
• includes the NAV bundle composed of the IJV, common carotid artery, and the vagus nerve

Question 5

What are the suprahyoid muscles? What group of muscles are they a part of?

Answer 5

• anterior muscles of the neck
• digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)
• mylohyoid
• geniohyoid
• stylohyoid

Question 6

What are the infrahyoid muscles? What group of muscles are they a part of?

Answer 6

• anterior muscles of the neck
• omohyoid (superior and inferior bellies)
• sternohyoid
• sternothyroid
• thyrohyoid

Question 7

What anterior muscles of the neck are innervated by ansa cervicalis?

Answer 7

• omohyoid (both bellies), sternohyoid, sternothyroid

Question 8

What anterior muscles of the neck are innervated by the trigeminal nerve (V3)?

Answer 8

• anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and mylohyoid

Question 9

What anterior muscles of the neck are innervated by the facial nerve (VII)?

Answer 9

• posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid

Question 10

What anterior muscles of the neck are innervated by C1 via CN XII?

Answer 10

• thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

Question 11

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 11

• clavicle, anterior border of the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid

Question 12

What triangles is the posterior triangle further split into? What muscle(s) does/do this?

Answer 12

• the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle splits the posterior triangle into the occipital and supraclavicular triangles

Question 13

What triangles is the anterior triangle further split into? What muscle(s) does/do this?

Answer 13

• the hyoid, anterior digastric, superior omohyoid and posterior digastric split the anterior triangle into the submental, submandibular, caoritd and muscular triangles

Question 14

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 14

• mandible, midline of neck and sternocleidomastoid

Question 15

What are the borders and contents of the occipital triangle?

Answer 15

• sternocleidomastoid, inf belly of omohyoid, ant border of trapezius
• CN XI (vagus nerve)
• trunks of the brachial plexus

Question 16

What are the borders and contents of the supraclavicular triangle?

Answer 16

• inf belly of omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid, clavicle
• subclavian artery
  • thyrocervical trunk
    - inf. thyroid, ascending cervical, transverse cervical, suprascapular arteries

Question 17

What are the borders and contents of the muscular triangle?

Answer 17

• superior omohyoid, midline of neck, and sternocleidomastoid
• anterior muscles of the neck

Question 18

What are the borders and contents of the carotid triangle?

Answer 18

• post digastric, sup omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid
• common carotid artery

Question 19

What are the borders and contents of the submandibular triangle?

Answer 19

• post digastric, ant digastric, and mandible
• N/A

Question 20

What are the borders and contents of the submental triangle?

Answer 20

• ant digastric, midline of neck, hyoid

Question 21

Summarize the cervical plexus including the peripheral nerves that arise (Hint: use cervical plexus drawing!)

Answer 21

Question 22

What is the embryonic pharynx?

Answer 22

• the origin of structures of head and neck

Question 23

What is the first pharyngeal arch? What muscles are derived from it? What is the innervation of each?

Answer 23

• mandibular
• muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, ant digastric
• trigeminal (V3)

Question 24

What is the second pharyngeal arch? What muscles are derived from it? What is the innervation of each?

Answer 24

• hyoid
• muscles of facial expression, post digastric, stylohyoid
• facial (VII)

Question 25

What is the third pharyngeal arch? What muscles are derived from it? What is the innervation of each?

Answer 25

- third - stylopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 26

What is the fourth pharyngeal arch? What muscles are derived from it? What is the innervation of each?

Answer 26

- fourth - cricothyroid, inf pharyngeal constrictor - Vagus (X), and superior laryngeal

Question 27

What is the sixth pharyngeal arch? What muscles are derived from it? What is the innervation of each?

Answer 27

- sixth - intrinsic laryngeal muscles (used for changing tension on vocal cords to change pitch) - vagus (X), recurrent laryngeal

Question 28

What is the branchial motor axon function? How does this relate to the function of cranial nerves?

Answer 28

branchial motor neurons innervate the skeletal muscles from pharyngeal arches (all cranial nerves from pharyngeal arches have branchial motor axons)

Question 29

Label the following images:

Answer 29

- C1, counterclockwise: anterior tubercle, transverse process, transverse foramen, superior articular surface of occipital condyle, groove for vertebral artery, posterior tubercle, vertebral foramen - C2, clockwise: dens, anterior articular facet, transverse process

Question 30

Label the following images:

Answer 30

- C1, counterclockwise: transverse process, transverse foramen, inferior articular surface - C2, clockwise: posterior articular facet, spinous process

Question 31

Draw the suboccipital traingle

Answer 31