Neer Chapters 1-2

Question 1

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Answer 1

Troy, plan of the citadel in the Troy I phase; c. mid-3rd millennium BCE (roughly equivalent to Early Helladic II).

Question 2

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Answer 2

Axe-head from the citadel of Troy II. Lapis lazuli; c. mid-3rd millennium BCE. It was found with other axe-heads of similar type, all of which probably had a ceremonial function connected with blood sacrifice.

Question 3

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Answer 3

Two-handled cup from the citadel of Troy II. Gold; c. mid-3rd millennium BCE.

Question 4

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Answer 4

Vessel of sauceboat shape, from the island of Syros. Clay; Cyclaid, Keros-Syros culture.

Question 5

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Answer 5

Folded-arm figurine from Amorgos. Marble; c. 2500 BCE.

Question 6

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Answer 6

Folded-arm figurine, front view. Marble; Late Spedos type; c. 2600-2400 BCE,

Question 7

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Answer 7

Fragments of the so-called Keros Hoard. Probably from Keros and other Cycladic islands. Marble; date uncertain. Pieces like these���and others more impressive than what is shown here���were sold piecemeal on the open market.

Question 8

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Answer 8

Harpist in Cycladic style; origins unknown. Marble; Cycladic; transitional between the Grotta-Pelos culture and the Keros-Syros culture���or modern forgery.

Question 9

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Answer 9

Kamilari, Crete, aerial view of tholos tomb, with annexes used for storing bones. In use from Middle Minoan I at the latest, into Late Minoan III (ca. 2000-1300?). There is some evidence of ritual feasting nearby.

Question 10

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Answer 10

Two Minoan palaces ��� Knossos (LM IA-IIIA; ca. 2000-1250 BC); Phaistos (LM IA-IB). Features common to both palaces include west court, west entry, storage magazines in west wing, central court, Minoan hall, lustral basin. At Knossos also Throne Room, pillar crypt, ���Queen�۪s Megaron,�۝ viewing area.

Question 11

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Answer 11

Knossos, reconstruction drawing of the west court and west fa̤ade of the palace, with the ���window of appearances�۝ and horns of consecration on the roof line. Late Minoan I (ca. 2000 BC)

Question 12

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Answer 12

Knossos, palace, a Minoan hall showing pier-and-door partitions to either side. Ca. 2000 BC. The throne is a modern addition.

Question 13

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Answer 13

Marine Style rhyton from Palaikastro (Phaistos??) on Crete. Clay; Late Minoan IB (ca. 1500 BC). Shellfish with curling tentacles (nautilus).

Question 14

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Answer 14

Ceremonial vessel (rhyton) in the form of a bull�۪s head, from Knossos. Serpentine, shell, crystal and wood; Late Minoan IB (ca. 1500 BC). The horns are modern. Similar vessels found on the mainland.

Question 15

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Answer 15

Bird-and-monkey fresco from the House of Frescoes at Knossos: reconstruction and detail. Fresco; Middle Minoan IIIB ��� Late Minoan IA (ca. 2000 BC??). Heavily restored in the 20th century.

Question 16

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Answer 16

Knossos, so-called Queen�۪s Megaron in the palace, with modern replica of dolphin fresco. Late Minoan I-III. The fresco is now thought to have decorated a floor in an upper story of the palace.

Question 17

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Answer 17

Impression taken from a seal, known as the Master Impression; found at Chania in western Crete. Clay; Late Minoan IB-II (c. 1500 BC). A princely male stands atop a palatial complex or a shrine.

Question 18

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Answer 18

So-called snake goddess from the Temple Repositories in the palace of Knossos. Faience; Middle Minoan III-Late Minoan IA. Heavily restored in the 20th century.

Question 19

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Answer 19

Miniature double axe from Arkalochori. Gold; Late Minoan I (c. 1500 BC).

Question 20

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Answer 20

Knossos, Throne Room in the palace. Late Minoan IB (c. 1500 BC). The fresco in the background is a modern reconstruction. Only part of one griffin is attested in the actual remains; the papyrus plants are a modern invention. There is a lustral basin directly opposite the throne.

Question 21

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Answer 21

Bull-leaping fresco, Knossos. MM III-LM IB period (c. 1500 BC)

Question 22

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Answer 22

Toreador fresco from Tell el-Dab�۪a (Avaris), in Egypt. Fresco; Late Minoan IA (ca. 1500 BC). Digitally restored. Bull games take place in front of a labyrinth in a desert landscape.

Question 23

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Answer 23

Akrotiri, view of the West House from street showing a remarkable state of preservation. Late Cycladic IA (c. 1500 BC). Frescoes found in this house.

Question 24

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Answer 24

Akrotiri, Xeste 3, wall over the lustral basin on the ground floor. Fresco; Late Cycladic IA (ca. 1500 BC). Three females in a landscape.

Question 25

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Answer 25

Akrotiri, Xeste 3, room 3a. Fresco (c. 1500 BC). Women and girls gathering saffron in a rocky landscape.

Question 26

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Answer 26

Akrotiri, Xeste 3, room 3a. Drawing and detail. Fresco (c. 1500 BC). Goddess receiving saffron from female worshipper and blue monkey.

Question 27

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Answer 27

Akrotiri, West House, frescoes from room 5. Late Cycladic IA (c. 1500 BC). Detail of the Ship Fresco from the south wall: a town turns out to greet arriving ships.

Question 28

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Answer 28

Akrotiri, West House, frescoes from room 5. Late Cycladic IA (c. 1500 BC). Detail of the Battle Fresco from the north wall: Mycenaean warriors and floating corpses.

Question 29

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Answer 29

Lerna, House of the Tiles and earlier buildings and fortification wall. Early Helladic II (ca. 2500 BC). Building BG is a predecessor of the House of the Tiles. The circle on the plan represents the earthen mound that would later be heaped over the House of the Tiles.

Question 30

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Answer 30

Lerna, phases of construction in Early Helladic III: a circular mound is raised over the ruins of the House of the Tiles; horseshoe-shaped buildings are built nearby; construction encroaches on the mound itself.

Question 31

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Answer 31

Kolonna, on Aegina, town plan showing the main building phases and the shaft grave.

Question 32

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Answer 32

Kolonna, on Aegina: shaft grave. Middle Helladic II (ca. 1700 BC). The dead hero�۪s skeleton, partially contracted in a fetal position. His sword is clearly visible at left, along with the remains of his boar�۪s tusk helmet.

Question 33

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Answer 33

Grey Minyan ware goblet. Clay; Middle Helladic II-III (ca. 1600 BC).

Question 34

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Answer 34

Mycenae, schematic plans of the citadel in Late Helladic III (ca. 1600 BC), showing the evolution of the defensive wall and the incorporation of Grave Circle A into the fortified area.

Question 35

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Answer 35

Mycenae, Grave Circle A, stele over Shaft Grave V. Limestone; Late Helladic I (ca. 1600 BC). Chariot and swordsman.

Question 36

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Answer 36

Items from Grave Circle A, Shaft Grave V, at Mycenae. Gold; Late Helladic I (1500 BC). Goblet with handles decorated with birds at the lip.

Question 37

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Answer 37

Items from Grave Circle A, Shaft Grave V, at Mycenae. Gold; Late Helladic I. Death mask. The cup closely resembles one described in the Iliad of Homer.

Question 38

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Answer 38

Ceremonial vessel (rhyton), in the form of a bull۪s head from Grave Circle A, Shaft Grave IV, at Mycenae. Silver, gold and bronze; Late Minoan IA or Late Helladic I. It is probably Minoan, either an import or the work of an immigrant craftsman at Mycenae.

Question 39

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Answer 39

Knife blade from Grave Circle A, Shaft Grave IV, at Mycenae. Bronze with inlay of gold, silver and niello; Late Helladic I. A lion hunt. The hunters wear tall shields covered with oxhide, slung in a way that leaves both arms free.

Question 40

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Answer 40

Three-handled jar from Grave Circle B at Mycenae. Clay; Late Helladic I.

Question 41

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Answer 41

Mycenae, tholos tomb, nicknamed the Treasury of Atreus (ca. 1250 BC). View of the interior showing the corbeled vault.

Question 42

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Answer 42

Mycenae, tholos tomb, nicknamed the Treasury of Atreus. Cutaway drawing. The entryway of the tomb featured richly colored stone from quarries around Greece.

Question 43

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Answer 43

Cup with hammered decoration from a tholos tomb at Vapheio in Lakonia. Gold; Late Minoan IB/Late Helladic II (15th century BC). Bull goring and trampling men. The richly realized landscape, with trees and a rolling groundline, suggests strong Minoan influence or even a Cretan origin.

Question 44

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Answer 44

Section and plan of a typical Mycenaean chamber tomb.

Question 45

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Answer 45

Pylos, plan of Mycenaean palace in Late Helladic IIIB, c. 1300-1200 BC. Throne Room (2.21); Tripod Tablet (2.20).

Question 46

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Answer 46

Tiryns, plans showing the growth of the palace and citadel in Late Helladic III, c. 1420-1125 BC.

Question 47

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Answer 47

Three-handled amphora from Knossos, Palace Style. Clay; Late Minoan II-IIIA (ca. 1500 BC).

Question 48

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Answer 48

The Tripod Tablet from the Archives at Pylos. Clay; Late Helladic IIIB, c. 1200 BC. Drawing with the Linear B characters; drawing with phonetic transcription. Key to the script: tripod/�۝ti-ri-po-de�۝ repeated several times.

Question 49

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Answer 49

Pylos, the megaron of the palace in Late Helladic IIB (ca. 1300-1200 BC), seen from the west corner; reconstruction drawing.

Question 50

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Answer 50

Mycenae, Cyclopean walls and so-called Lion Gate. Late Helladic IIIB (1250 BC). The bastion visible at right is a common feature of Mycenaean fortifications, allowing defenders to rain missiles onto the unprotected right flank of an attacking force.

Question 51

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Answer 51

Wall painting from the palace at Pylos. Fresco; Late Helladic IIIB. Painting of its actual state; reconstruction. On the banks of a stream Mycenaean soldiers in kilts, sandals and boar�۪s tusk helmets fight barefoot men wearing animal skins.

Question 52

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Answer 52

Stirrup jar with octopus. Clay; Late Helladic IIIC. A late Mycenaean version of Minoan Marine Style motifs.

Question 53

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Answer 53

Figurines from Mycenaean graves. Terracotta; Late Helladic IIIA-IIIC. Phi and psi types. Such figures are found throughout the Mycenaean world. The phi type is generally earlier.

Question 54

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Answer 54

Wall painting from the cult center at Mycenae. Fresco; Later Helladic IIIC. Below, a goddess with what is accompanied by a griffin. Above, armed goddesses (one perhaps Athena) and tiny worshippers. Another fresco, not illustrated, shows a goddess in a boar�۪s tusk helmet accompanied by a griffin.

Question 55

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Answer 55

Lid of a small box from Ugarit in coastal Syria. Ivory; mid-13th century BCE. A goddess in flounced skirts with bare torso stands on a peak; she holds grain in either hand and is flanked by goats.

Question 56

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Answer 56

Head of a god from the cult center at Mycenae. Ivory; Late Helladic IIIB. Found on an altar in the same room as 2.27.

Question 57

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Answer 57

Troy, plan of the citadel in the Troy VI phase; Middle-Late Bronze Age. Only the outer rim of the citadel is preserved; the central portion was destroyed in ancient times by later building. A ruler�۪s dwelling probably occupied much of this area. Large city wall attests to the strength of Troy VI.

Question 58

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Answer 58

Boar�۪s tusk helmet from a chamber tomb at Spata in Attica. Late Helladic IIIB.

Question 59

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Answer 59

Warrior Vase. Large bowl from Mycenae. Clay, c. 1200 BC. Warriors in horned helmets departing.

Question 60

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Answer 60

Goddess from Gazi, Crete. Clay; Late Minoan IIIC (ca. 1300 BC). The goddess stands with arms upraised, wearing a headdress decorated with horns of consecration and birds.