Neer Chapters 3-4

Question 1

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Answer 1

Phoenician temple at Komnos, Crete (c. 925–600 BCE). Three pillar-figures inside.

Question 2

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Answer 2

Syrian-Cretan jewelry from the tomb at Tekke near Knossos. Gold; late 9th century BCE. Extensive use of granulation (tiny gold balls) and filigree (fine gold wire)

Question 3

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Answer 3

Drawing of a Syrian-Cretan shield from the Cave of Zeus (Mount Ida) on Crete. Bronze; 8th century BCE. Known as “the Hunt Shield,” it depicts warriors fighting wild beasts in concentric rings; the central feline head is embossed.

Question 4

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Answer 4

Syrian-Cretan lyre-player, from Crete. Bronze; 8th century BCE.

Question 5

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Answer 5

Reconstruction drawing of the apsidal hall at Lefkandi, Euboia. 10th century BCE. Dashed lines indicate the burial site of the “hero” and his consort.

Question 6

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Answer 6

Phoenician bowl from the Toumba cemetery (Grave 55), decorated with concentric rings featuring panthers and sphinxes. Bronze; c. 10th century BCE.

Question 7

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Answer 7

Attic Submycenaean stirrup jar from the Kerameikos cemetery, Athens. Ceramic, c. 11th century BCE.

Question 8

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Answer 8

Attic Protogeometric neck-handled amphora. Ceramic; c. 1050-950 BCE. Compare the semicircles on the shoulder to those in 3.7

Question 9

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Answer 9

Attic Early Geometric neck-handled amphora. Ceramic; c. 900-850 BCE.

Question 10

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Answer 10

Attic Middle Geometric belly-handled amphora from Eleusis. Ceramic, c. 860-760 BCE

Question 11

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Answer 11

Attic Late Geometric I belly-handled amphora. Ceramic; c. 760-735 BCE. Main panel, level with the handles, shows mourners with the body of a woman.

Question 12

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Answer 12

Attic Late Geometric I krater: funeral processions. Ceramic; c. 760-735 BCE.

Question 13

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Answer 13

Attic Late Geometric I krater (detail): fight at a ship. Ceramic, c. 750-735 BCE.

Question 14

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Answer 14

Attic Late Geometric II neck-handled amphora: mourners, warriors and horses. Ceramic; c. 735-690 BCE.

Question 15

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Answer 15

Euboian Late Geometric krater from Cyprus (the Cesnola krater). Ceramic; mid-8th century BCE. At center, goats nibble a Tree of Life and to either side are horses with double axes (Bronze Age holdovers?).

Question 16

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Answer 16

Euboian Sub-Protogeometric skyphos (cup) decorated with pendant semicircles. Ceramic; 10th-8th century BCE. This type of cup is found around the Mediterranean and plays an important role in the archaeology of the period.

Question 17

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Answer 17

Ionian “bird bowl.” Ceramic; c. 625 BCE. Important pottery type, widely distributed in the East Greek world.

Question 18

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Answer 18

Development of Athenian cremation burials over time. Drawing shows how changes in pottery style correspond roughly to changes in burial practices.

Question 19

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Answer 19

Reconstruction drawing of Smyrna (modern Izmir, on the west coast of Turkey) in the 8th century BCE. Note the city wall.

Question 20

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Answer 20

Armor from a “heroic” burial at Argos. Bronze; late 8th century BCE. Helmet resembles those worn by soldiers of the Assyrian Empire.

Question 21

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Answer 21

Bronze urn for holding cremated remains, with marble lid and stone receptacle. From the West Gate cemetery at Eretria; c. 720 BCE.

Question 22

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Answer 22

Phases of the West Gate cemetery at Eretria, showing how a private grave evolved into a family cemetery and, eventually, a monumental shrine.

Question 23

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Answer 23

Plan of a probably ruler’s dwelling at Nichoria in the Peloponnesos (phase IV.I); c. 975-800 BCE. Note the paved circle towards the rear: used for cult activity, it suggests a close association between the ruler and religion. Compare 2.2 (Early Helladic), 5.10 (Middle Helladic), and 3.5 (Protogeometric).

Question 24

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Answer 24

Phases of the Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros (the Laurel-Bearer) at Eretria, showing its evolution from an apsidal hall into a rectilinear temple with a surrounding colonnade.

Question 25

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Answer 25

Model of an apsidal house or temple, from Perachora, near Corinth. Terracotta; early 8th century BCE.

Question 26

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Answer 26

Late Minoan goddess head reused as a cult image of Dionysos at the site of Aghia Irini on the island of Kea. Re-use: mid-8th century BCE.

Question 27

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Answer 27

Rectilinear temple-model from the sanctuary of Hera near Argos. Terracotta; late 8th century BCE. The meaning of the painted patterns is unclear: are they merely decorative, or do they represent architectural features or religious symbols?

Question 28

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Answer 28

Plan showing the phases of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos. Late 8th century BCE. The dots around the perimeter represent the colonnade (peristyle).

Question 29

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Answer 29

Distribution of shrines in the region of Corinth during the Geometric period.

Question 30

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Answer 30

Animal figurines from the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia. Bronze; mostly 8th century BCE.

Question 31

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Answer 31

Reconstruction of a tripod cauldron with hammered legs, from Olympia. Bronze; 8th century BCE. Note the small horse figurines attached to the handles.

Question 32

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Answer 32

“Smiting” figure from the handle of a tripod at Olympia. Bronze; 8th century. Unclear whether such figured represent gods or mortals.

Question 33

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Answer 33

Semitic “smiting” god wearing an Egyptian crown. Bronze; 9th-8th century BCE.

Question 34

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Answer 34

Part of the leg of a tripod from Olympia. Bronze; 8th century BCE. Upper panel: two males dueling over a tripod. In later Greek art, this scene would be taken to represent a fight between Apollo and Herakles for the sacred tripod of Delphi (see 0.3). Unclear whether the scene illustrates this myth or if the myth was created to make sense of these enigmatic scenes.

Question 35

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Answer 35

Small figure of Apollo, dedicated by Mantiklos. Said to be from Boeotia. Bronze; c. 700 BCE. Hole in the left hand suggests that he held a cylindrical object, perhaps a bow.

Question 36

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Answer 36

Evolution of the Greek alphabet from Near Eastern prototypes. The earliest Canaanite letters are little pictures, each sound corresponding to the thing depicted. These meanings were lost in the translation into Greek. Phi, khi, and psi developed later.

Question 37

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Answer 37

East Greek (Rhodian) cup (Late Geometric) with inscription, from the island of Ischia in the Bay of Naples (“the Nestor Cup”). Ceramic; c. 720 BCE.

Question 38

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Answer 38

Figurine of a centaur (?) from the Toumba cemetery at Lefkandi. Terracotta; 900 BCE. Centaurs – half horse, half human, and common in later Greek art. At this date, unclear if all horsey figures are centaurs – so identity is not completely certain.

Question 39

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Answer 39

Middle Protocorinthian jug (the Chigi Vase); a battle scene. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. Soldiers have characteristic hoplite armor and weapons: helmet, breastplate, shin guards, round shield and spear. They march at their opponents in ranks as a piper keeps time. (4.19 also Chigi Vase)

Question 40

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Answer 40

Late Geometric Corinthian cup (Thapsos cup) from Roca. Ceramic; late 7th century BCE.

Question 41

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Answer 41

Aerial view of modern Syracuse, on the island of Ortygia, where many streets follow paths laid out by the Greeks in the 8th century BCE. Inset plan shows the relation of ancient streets to modern ones.

Question 42

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Answer 42

Development of houses at Megara Hyblaia, Sicily, in the 8th century BCE. A – the single room huts of the first settlers; B – gradual evolution into multi-room houses and residential complexes.

Question 43

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Answer 43

Cumae, section view of the Fondo Artiaco cemetery. At far left is the “princely” grave (no. 104). Late 8th century BCE.

Question 44

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Answer 44

Map of Metapontion and environs, c. 600 BCE, showing the location of religious sanctuaries in the countryside. Incoronata is at left of Metapontion, the Temple of Hera at right.

Question 45

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Answer 45

Basin (perirrhanterion) from Incoronata near Metapontion. Terracotta, c. 640 BCE. General view and detail of Perseus and running gorgons. Such basins were locally made and likely had a cultic function. They may derive from a pre-Greek tradition, but the iconography is largely Greek (compare 4.24).

Question 46

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Answer 46

Frieze from the earliest Temple of Athena, Metapontion: procession. Terracotta; c. 575 BCE. Similar friezes have been found elsewhere in the region.

Question 47

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Answer 47

Cauldron with protomes in the form of griffin heads and sirens, atop a tripod with rod legs. Bronze; late 8th century BCE. Unclear whether it is of Greek or Phoenician manufacture; found in cosmopolitan Cyprus.

Question 48

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Answer 48

Griffin protome from Olympia. Bronze; late 7th century BCE.

Question 49

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Answer 49

Siren-shaped handle attachment to a cauldron, found at Delphi. Bronze; late 8th century BCE.

Question 50

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Answer 50

Phrygian cauldron with handles in the form of sirens, from Gordion in central Anatolia. Bronze; 8th century BCE.

Question 51

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Answer 51

Jewelry from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos. Gold; c. 620 BCE.

Question 52

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Answer 52

Openwork plaque with standing sphinx from Nimrud in modern-day Iraq. Neo-Assyrian period, Phoenician style. Ivory; 9th-8th century BCE.

Question 53

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Answer 53

Sphinx from the sanctuary of Hera at Perachora, near Corinth. Ivory; c. 650 BCE.

Question 54

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Answer 54

Storage jar (pithos) from the island of Tinos with molded and incised decoration: Perseus killing Medousa. Ceramic; c. 675-650 BCE. The monster’s stare turns men to stone, so Perseus averts his gaze as he cuts off her head.

Question 55

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Answer 55

Bronze sheet with relief decoration: centaurs killing the hero Kaineus by pounding him into the ground with tree trunks. Cycladic, from Olympia. Late 7th century BCE.

Question 56

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Answer 56

Middle Protocorinthian oil flask. Ceramic, c. 650 BCE. Upper part is molded into the form of a woman’s head. On the body, in black figure, is a battle (two heroes duel over the body of a third); below is a frieze of running dogs.

Question 57

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Answer 57

Middle Protocorinthian jug (the Chigi Vase). From bottom to top: youths coursing horse riders; hoplite battle. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. See also 4.1.

Question 58

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Answer 58

Wild Goat Style pitcher. Ceramic; c. 640-630 BCE.

Question 59

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Answer 59

Parian amphora from Melos. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. On the neck, two heroes duel over a set of armor, while women watch. On the body, Apollo brings maidens to the island of Delos in a chariot drawn by winged horses; the goddess Artemis greets them, holding a deer.

Question 60

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Answer 60

Early Protoattic amphora by the Anatalos Painter. Ceramic; early 7th century BCE. On the body is a chariot procession; on the neck, men and women dance; at the lip are sphinxes. Men are all nude, women are all clothed.

Question 61

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Answer 61

Middle Protoattic jug from Aegina (the Ram Jug): Odysseus and his men cling to the bellies of rams to escape from the Cyclops Polyphemos. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE.

Question 62

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Answer 62

Middle Protoattic amphora from Eleusis. On the neck, Odysseus and his men blind Polyphemos; on the shoulder a lion attacks a boar; on the body Gorgons chase Perseus. Ceramic; third quarter of the 7th century BCE.

Question 63

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Answer 63

Wild Goat Style plate from Rhodes: Menelaus fights Hector over the body of Euphorbos (all three are labeled). Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. Note the pair of eyes at center: it is as though the plate were staring back at its viewer.

Question 64

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Answer 64

Lamp from Selinous, probably manufactured in the Cyclades. Marble; late 7th century BCE. Shallow tray on top is for holding oil. A wick would have passed through the hole in the woman’s head; when it was lit, she would have seemed to have a bright flame atop her head.

Question 65

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Answer 65

Jewelry from Kamiros on the island of Rhodes. Gold; mid-to-late 7th century BCE. A – winged goddess holding lions, probably Artemis as “Mistress of the Animals;” B – a horse-man holding a hare. From the lower edges dangle pomegranates.

Question 66

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Answer 66

Aniconic dedication to Apollo. From the sanctuary of Apollo Lykaios at Metapontion. Stone; mid-6th century BCE.

Question 67

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Answer 67

Relief from the acropolis of Gortyn on Crete: Apollo between Leto and Artemis (?). Limestone, partially restored; end of the 7th century BCE. Apollo is largely missing, but clearly was striding to the left, his arms extended to grasp his two companions.

Question 68

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Answer 68

Handle in the form of four nude females, from Nimrud in modern Iraq. Neo-Assyrian period, Syrian style. Ivory; 8th century BCE.

Question 69

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Answer 69

Façade of the Prinias temple; reconstruction drawing; second half of 7th century BCE. The space over the doorway is open except for two seated goddesses to either side.

Question 70

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Answer 70

Seated goddess from the doorway of the temple at Prinias. Limestone; second half of 7th century BCE.

Question 71

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Answer 71

Kore statuette – the Lady of Auxerre. From Crete, probably Eleutherna. Limestone; second half of 7th century BCE.

Question 72

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Answer 72

Kore recently unearthed on Thera. Marble; second half of 8th century BCE.

Question 73

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Answer 73

Kore (Artemis) from Delos, dedication of Nikandre of Naxos. Naxian marble; mid-7th century BCE.

Question 74

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Answer 74

Kouros figure from Delphi; Cretan. Bronze; c. 650-625 BCE.

Question 75

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Answer 75

Statue of Mentuemhet, Fourth Priest of Amun and Mayor of Egyptian Thebes, from Karnak, Egypt. Granite; c. 650 BCE.

Question 76

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Answer 76

Mixing bowl (krater) by Aristonothos (“the Noble Bastard”) from Caere. Ceramic; mid-7th century BCE. A – Odysseus and his men blinding Polyphemus; B – sea battle.