Nematodes Flashcards by Manel Libanan

Life cycle of nematodes

Egg stage >Larval stage>Adult stage

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Nematodes that are aphasmids

TCT
Trichuris
Capillaria
Trichinella

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Nematodes with caudal chemoreceptors

Hookworm
S. Stercoralis
W. Bancrofti
B. Malayi

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Cephalic chemoreceptors

Amphid

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Caudal chemoreceptor

Phasmid

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Lays eggs in unsegmented stage (unembryonated)

Oviparous

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Lays eggs in segmented stage (embryonated)

Ovoviviparous/ oviviparous

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Frequent nematode

EAT
Enterobius
Ascaris
Trichuris

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Nematodes in small intestines

CASH
Capillaria
Ascaris
Strongyloides
Hookworm

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Nematodes in large intestines

ET
Enterobius
Trichuris

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Nematodes that migrate from heart to lung

ASH
Ascaris
Strongyloides
Hookworm

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Nematode in lymphatics and subcutaneous tissues

Filarial worms

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Nematode in muscles

T. Spiralis

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Nematode in meninges

A. Cantonensis

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Visceral larva migrans

T. Canis and T. Cati

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Unholy 3/ Triad of Infection

Hiokworm
Ascaris
Trichuris

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Buccal cavity of adult ascaris

Triangular, trilobate lips

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MOT of Ascaris

Ingestion

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Symptoms and Pathology of Ascaris

Larval migration: Eosinophilia
Erratic leads to Extraintestinal sites
Intestinal perforation

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Diagnostic stage of ascaris

Egg

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Indication of negative stool exam in ascaris

No infection
Early infection
All male worm infection

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Characteristics of E. Vermicularis

Autoinfection
External autoinfection

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Egg characteristics of E. Vermicularis

Elongated, flattened in 1 side. D shape

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Adult characteristic of enterobius

With lateral wings or cephalic alae

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MOT of E. Vermicularis

Ingestion

Symptoms and pathology of E. Vermicularis

Mother’s complex: Pruritis ani Lack of sleep Extraintestinal enterobiasis

Lab diagnosis of enterobius

Scotch tape swab

T. Trichiura causes

Trichocephaliasis

Egg characteristic of trichuris

Barrel shaped with bipolar mucus plug. Resembles Japanese lantern

Adult characteristics of trichuris

Slender or attenuated in the anterior. Resembles a whip

MOT of trichuris

Ingestion

Symptoms and pathology of trichuris

Rectal prolapse (heavy infection)

Lab diagnosis and DS of trichuris

Stool exam: Egg

C. Philippinensis causes what dxs

Pudoc disease or mystery disease

Egg characteristics of capillaria

W/ bipolar mucus plugs that are not asa protruded as trichuris egg. Guitar, peanut-shaped

Adult characteristics of capillaria: male and female

Male: w/ chitinized spicuke (spicule sheath) Female: have eggs in utero

MOT of capillaria

Ingestion of freshwater fishes

Intermediate host of capillaria

Freshwater fishes: Hypselotris bipartite Birot Bagsang Bagtu

Symptoms and pahtology of capillaria

Malabsorption Borborygmi LBM alternating w/ condtipation

Lab diagnosis and diagnostic stage of capillaria

Stool exam: egg

Agent of laziness in poor white population and tropical anemia in Puerto Rico

Hookworm

Egg char. of hookworm

Ovoidal, thin shelled colorless

Adult char. of N. Americanus

S-shaped with semilunar cutting plates

Adult char. of A. Duodenale

C-shaped, with 2 pairs of teeth

MOT of Hookworm

Skin penetration

Symptoms and pathology of Hookworm

Mazza Mora/ Water sore or ground itch Severe itching/ allergic reaction at the site of skin penetration IDA Cutaneous larva migrans (Creeping eruption)

Lab diagnosis of hookworm

Stool exam Harada Mori culture Baermann funnel technique

Causes Cochin-China diarrhea

Strongyloides stercoralis

MOT of S. Stercoralis

Skin penetration

Symptoms and pathology of Strongyloides

Skin: Allergic reaction Larval migration: pneumonia Intestines: abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting

Requires 2 host to complete its life cycle. Propagated by black and brown rats

Trichinella spiralis

Adult characteristics of T. Spiralis: male and female

Male: w/ conical papillae Female: w/ club-shaped uterus

MOT of T. Spiralis

Ingestion if meat

Symptoms and pathology of T. Spiralis: Larva and Adult

Larva: muscle can cause edema, muscle pain, difficulty in breathing and swallowing Adult: intestine can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea

Lab diagnosis of T. Spiralis

Muscle biopsy (DS: Encysted larva) Immunotest: Bentonite flocculation, Intradermal test Xenodiagnostic tests

Lab diagnosis of filarial worm

Knott’s technique

Habitat of W. Bancrofti

Lymphatics

Vector of W. Bancrofti

Aedes and Anopheles

Habitat of B. Malayi

Lymphatics

Vector of B. Malayi

Mansonia

Characteristics if microfilaria of W. Bancrofti

Sheathed, nuclei absent in tail

Characteristic of Microfilaria of B. Malayi

Sheathed, tail w/ 2 separate nuclei

Periodicity of W. Bancrofti

Nocturnal (10pm-2am)

Periodicity of B. Malayi

Subperiodic, Nocturnal

Habitat of loa loa

Subcutaneous tissue

Vector of loa loa

Chrysops, Tabanid (mango fly)

Microfilaria characteristic of Loa loa

Sheathed, nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail

Periodicity of Loa loa

Diurnal

Habitat of O. Volvulus

Subcutaneous tissue

Vector of O. Volvulus

Simulium (black fly)

Specimen of O. Volvulus

Skin snips/ shavings

Microfilaria characteristic of O. Volvulus

Unsheathed, nuclei absent in tail

Periodicity of O. Volvulus

Nonperiodic

Habitat of Dipetaloma perstans

Body cavities

Another name of Dipetaloma perstans

Acanthoculonema perstans

Vector of Dipetaloma perstans

Cylicoides

Micro characteristic of Dipetaloma perstans

Unsheathed, nuclei up to the tip of the tail

Periodicity of Dipetaloma perstans

Nonperiodic

Habitat of Mansonella ozzardi

Body cavities

Vector of Mansonella ozzardi

Culicoides

Microfilaria characteristic of Mansonella ozzardi

Unsheathed, tail is free of nuclei

Human infection of Dirofilaria immitis

Solitary, peripheral nodules in the lung (coin lesions) or as subcutaneous nodule

Longest nematode of man

Drancuculus medisnensis

Intermediate host of D. Medinensis

Cyclops (copepods)

MOT of D. Medinensis

Ingestion of crustaceans

Causes human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Intermediate host of A. Cantonensis

Mollusks: Achatina fulica Japanese snail Pila luzonica Brotia asperata

Definitive host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Rats

Adult characteristics of female Angiostrongylus cantonensis

“Barber’s pole appearance” Looking of whitish uterus to red digestive tract

Causes Herring’s disease

Anisakis

MOT of Anisakis

Ingestion of raw fish