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Parasitology > Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes, Arthropods > Flashcards

Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes, Arthropods Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Trichuris trichura

A

Life cycle - direct

Route of infection - ingested eggs

Geo. -ww

Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool

adults – females 35 - 50 mm, males 30-45 mm

eggs – 50 - 54 micrometers by 20 micrometers - barrel shape; Count the number of eggs

Pathology - asymptomatic, hypochromic anemia - malnutrition and blood loss, bloody diarrhea (dysentery)

Common name: whipworm

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2
Q
A

Taenia saginata

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3
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

(Liver fluke)

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route-ingestion of metacercariae infected uncooked freshwater fish

Geo.-China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool

adult-1-2.5 cm by 3.5 mm

egg-similar to Heterophyes, Opistorchis viverrini and Metagonimus, 28-35 micrometers, operculated

Pathology-jaundice, eosinophils, liver damage

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4
Q
A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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5
Q
A

hookworm

rhabditaform larva

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6
Q
A

Loa loa

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7
Q

Schistosoma japonicum

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-China, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of conc. stool, Kato – Katz smear – 50 mg stool, glycerin soaked cellulose coverslip, ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoelectro transfer blot test (EIBT)

egg- 70-100 micrometers by ~50 micrometers, small lateral spine,s acid fast positive

adult-similar to S. mansoni, found in mesenteric vessels of bowel/rectum

Pathology-Similar to S. mansoni -fever, headache, dysentery/bloody diarrhea, hepatomegaly

but S. japonicum has a higher egg production-more severe

potential, Katayama fever, weight loss

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8
Q
A

Hymenopelis nana

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9
Q

Diphyllbothrium latum

A

Life cycle-larvae-intestine-adults

Route of infection-ingestion infected raw, poorly cooked or pickled freshwater fish

Geo.-freshwater lakes

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin ethyl-acetate concentration of stool

adults-scolex,strobila ( Chain of proglottids)

eggs-operculated, 58 – 75 micrometers

Pathology- diarrhea, obstruction, B12 deficiency, macrocytic anemia

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10
Q
A

Taenia solium

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11
Q
A

Trichuris trichura ova

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12
Q

Schistosoma mekongi

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-Mekong river valley-Laos, Thailand

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool

egg-similar to S. japonicum, but smaller, 50 - 65 micrometers by 30-55 micrometers, acid fast ?

adult- similar to S. japonicum

Pathology-Similar to S. japonicum

hepatosplenomegaly, portal venous hypertension

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-Mekong river valley-Laos, Thailand

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool

egg-similar to S. japonicum, but smaller, 50 - 65 micrometers by 30-55 micrometers, acid fast ?

adult- similar to S. japonicum

Pathology-Similar to S. japonicum

hepatosplenomegaly, portal venous hypertension

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13
Q

Taenia solium

A

Life cycle-cysticerci-intestine-adults

Route of infection-ingestion infected raw or poorly cooked pork; cysticercosis- ingestion of egg

Geo. – ww; Hispanic population – US Southwest

Lab diagnosis-wet prep, formalin ethyl-acetate concentration of stool; ELISA – coproantigen test

adults-scolex, strobila-proglottids; gravid proglottids = 7-13 uterine branches

eggs-thick, striated shell,6 hooked embryo, 31-43 micrometers

Pathology-diarrhea, weight loss; cysticercosis: ingestion of egg- pseudo-brain tumor, Immunoblot test,CDC

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14
Q
A

Hookworm ova

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15
Q
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

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16
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

A

Life cycle – See next slide, autoreinfection possible

route of infection – may be ingestion raw fish, raw shrimp, crabs and snails

Geo. – Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Egypt, Iran

Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool

adults - 2.5 – 4.3 mm female,2.3-3.2 mm male

eggs - like Trichuris- less prominent polar plugs, striated, 36-45 micrometers

Pathology - large numbers -malabsorption, watery stools, pneumonia, heart failure

–

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17
Q

Schistosoma intercalatum

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-Central and Western Africa

Lab diagnosis-wet prep, of conc. stool

eggs- 140-240 micrometers, morphology similar to S. haematobium, acid fast positive- spine

adults - similar to the other schistosomes, adults in intestinal vessel walls

Pathology-Similar to S. mansoni infections

pathology confined to mesenteric-portal system – rectal bleeding, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea

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18
Q
A

Paragominus westermani ova

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19
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae infected raw, pickled or poorly cooked freshwater fish

Geo.-Egypt, Israel, Philippines, Japan

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin ethyl acetate concentrate, stool

adult-1.5 mm by 0.4 mm ( 3 suckers-oral, ventral, genital),egg-brownish yellow, 27-30 micrometers, operculated

Pathology-abdominal pain, mucous in stool

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Life cycle - direct Route of infection -contaminated soil Geo. - ww Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate concentrate stool adults - 20 – 35 cm female, 15-31 cm male eggs – Fertilized 45-75 micrometers by 50 micrometers, unfertilized 85-95 micrometers (mcm) Pathology - asymptomatic, pneumonitis – Loeffler’s syndrome, eosinophilia, malabsorption, bowel obstruction

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22
Q

Opisthorchis viverini

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae infected freshwater fish

Geo.- northern Thailand and Laos

Lab diagnosis-wet prep, conc. stool

egg-like C. sinensis, and ones listed previously, 19-29 mcm (um)

Pathology-abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, cholangitis – inflammation of bile ducts, cholecystitis – inflammation of gall bladder, obstructive jaundice

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23
Q

Toxocara canis

Study These Flashcards
A

Life cycle-eggs-larvae-tissue migration

Route of infection –infective embryonated eggs in dog or cat feces

Geo. - ww

Lab diagnosis - biopsy or autopsy

larvae 0.5 mm by 20 micrometers

ELISA - serological tests

Pathology - visceral larva migrans

occular larva migrans, eosinophilia, fever

24
Q
Study These Flashcards
A

Enterobius vermicularis ova

25
Schistosoma mansonii
Life cycle -eggs-miracidia-( find a snail host) -sporocysts-cercariae-adults Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin Geo.-West and Central Africa, Egypt, Brazil, Venezuela, West Indies, Puerto Rico lab diagnosis-wet prep of conc. stool, Kato-Katz- 50 mg stool, glycerin soaked cellulose coverslip; hatching test – stool in water, watch for eggs hatching to miracidia, ELISA and EITB (enzyme linked immunoelectro transfer blot), acid fast positive eggs-114-180 micrometers by 55 micrometers, large lateral spine adults-male 1.2 cm, female 1.6 cm, in mesenteric vessels of rectum Pathology- Acute schistosomiasis ( Katayama’s fever) : fever, headache, dysentery/bloody diarrhea, hepatomegaly
26
Paragominus westermani Lung Fluke
Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults Route-ingestion of metacercariae infected uncooked crabs or crayfish Geo.-Far East, Africa Lab Diagnosis-sputum, wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool; adult-reddish brown in lungs or intestine; egg-similar to D. latum -operculated shoulders, lack knob, size 80-120 micrometers, ELISA for confirmation Pathology-cough, chronic bronchitis, cerebral complications
27
Brugia malayi
28
Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditaform larva
29
Schistosoma japonicum (S. mekongii = smaller)
30
Schistosoma mansonii
31
Dipulidium caninum
Life cycle-cysticercoid larva-intestine-adult Route of infection-ingestion of infected dog or cat flea Geo. - ww Lab diagnosis-wet prep conc. stool adults-10-70 cm. long, scolex-4 suckers, proglottids-barrel shaped eggs-25-40 micrometers often in egg packet Pathology-indigestion, appetite loss
32
Fasciolopsis buski
Life cycle-eggs-miracida-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae contaminated raw or undercooked plants (water chestnuts, water bamboo, water caltrops) Geo.- South China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia Lab diagnosis- adult, 2-7.5 cm, no nose cone, for dx-egg – large 130-140 mcm (um) ( See egg chart handout), wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate conc. Pathology- inflammation, mucous, hemorrhage, ulcerations - intestine
33
Echinococcus
Life cycle-eggs-hydatid cysts, lung, liver Route of infection-ingestion eggs from dogs. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts Geo. -Australia, New Zealand, Alaska, Canada, Continental U.S. Diagnosis-history, X-rays or scans Variety of immunoassay tests: Mayo does a IgG Ab test and reflex to Western blot test; Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot ( ELIB), ELISA, Arc-5 double diffusion assay (DD5) Pathology-abdomen discomfort, anaphylactic rxn, HYDATID DISEASE
34
Hymenolepis diminuta
Life cycle-cysticercoids-intestine-adults Route of infection-ingestion infected arthropods (various beetles, larval fleas) Geo.- ww Lab diagnosis-wet prep conc. stool adults- 20 -60 cm. long eggs-like H. nana, except no polar filaments, 70-85/ 60-79 micrometers Pathology-few symptoms-nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, headache
35
Schistosoma haemotobium (intercalatum)
36
Taenia ova
37
Hymenopelis nana
Life cycle-eggs-larvae-adults Route of infection-ingestion of eggs; rarely infected grain beetles Geo.-ww Lab diagnosis-wet prep conc. stool adults- 25 - 40 mm. ( 8- 100 mm) long,scolex-4 suckers, short rostellum with hooks, proglottids-broad eggs- 30-47 micrometers long, oval to round, polar filaments, polar thickening Pathology-asymptomatic, dizziness, nausea, autoinfection possible
38
Hookworms
Life cycle - larvae -heart, lungs, intestine Route of infection - skin penetration by filariform larvae Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool adults - 7- 11 mm male, 10-13 mm female, 2 pair teeth (AD), 9-11 mm female (NA) cutting plates eggs – 56-75 micrometers by 36-40 micrometers, thin shell rhabditiform larvae - long buccal cavity, small genital primordium Pathology: pruritis, vesicles from erythematous papulae is called ground itch lg. # larvae -pneumonitis adults, intestine - diarrhea, nausea, blood loss ( stools – red to black) chronic infections - iron deficiency
39
Hymenopelis dinimuta
40
Diphyllbothrium latum
41
Trichostrongylus spp.
Life cycle - larvae - intestine - adults Route of infection - infected larvae contaminating plant material Geo. - ww Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool adults - like hookworm, except no distinct buccal capsule with special mouth parts Rhabditiform larva – long buccal cavity, small genital primordium eggs - like hookworm, 75-95 micrometers, oval, pointed ends Pathology - asymptomatic, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, headache, hemorrhage in intestinal tract
42
Taenia saginata
Life cycle-cysticerci-intestine-adults Route of infection-ingestion infected raw or poorly cooked beef Geo.-ww Lab Diagnosis-wet prep, formalin ethyl-acetate concentration of stool adults-scolex, strobila-proglottids; gravid proglottids = 15-20 uterine branches eggs-like Taenia solium, 31-43 micrometers Pathology-diarrhea, weight loss, appendicitis
43
Fasciolopsis buski
44
Dracunculus medinensis
Life cycle-larvae-duodenal mucosa- connective tissue Route of infection- ingesting infected copopods ( water fleas) Geo. – Sudan, Ghana, and Nigeria 2017, only 20 villages have D. medinensis now according to Carter Foundation: Chad and Ethiopia, Angola and South Sudan added (2018) Lab diagnosis - subcutaneous tissue (feet) female - 1 meter in length, male - 2 cm. Pathology-erythema, blister formation
45
Clonorchis sinensis
46
Enterobius vermicularis
Life cycle -direct Route of infection – ingestion eggs: fingers, airborne eggs, fomites-soiled nightclothes, soiled bed linens Geo. - ww Lab diagnosis adults - females 8 - 13 mm, males 2 - 5 mm eggs - 50 - 60 micrometers flattened on one side scotch tape/cellulose/cellophane method, when to take specimen- early morning/ just after waking up can be infective to lab personnel Pathology - pruritis, nervousness, may have eosinophilia/ Common name: pinworm
47
Metagonimus yokogawai
Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults Route-ingestion of infected metacercariae uncooked or pickled freshwater fish Geo.-Japan, Indonesia, Israel, Spain, “USSR” Lab diagnosis-wet prep of conc. stool adult-similar to Heterophyes, Clonorchis and Opistorchis viverrini Egg:26-28 by 16 micrometers, brown yellow, operculated Pathology-abdominal pain, mucous, diarrhea
48
Brugia malayi
Life cycle-larvae-lymphatics-adults Route of infection- Mansonia-night feeder, Anopheline ( Anopheles)-day or night feeder Geo. - Far East, Malaysia, India, Vietnam/ B. timori –Indonesia, Timor islands Lab diagnosis - Knott technique ( 1 mL blood + 10 mL formalin and centrifuge), thick and thin preps, take blood samples 10 PM- 4 AM Pathology- involvement lymphatics, fever, chills,chronic condition– Elephantiasis: chronic infection, obstructed lymph node system
49
Trichenella spiralis
Life cycle-larvae-intestine- muscles Route of infection - ingestion raw or undercooked pork or other infected meat ( bear, cougar, wild-boar, walrus)wild pigs in Oklahoma Geo. - ww Lab diagnosis Muscle biopsy morphology: characteristic 2 ½ turn, EIA, bentonite flocculation test, IFAT(immunofluorescent antibody test), ELISA - pigs Pathology - diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, general malaise, eosinophilia, muscle invasion, periorbital edema, myocarditis, death
50
Strongyloides stercoalis
Life cycle-larvae-vessels-lungs-intestine Route of infection - skin penetration by filariform larvace Geo. - ww Lab diagnosis - formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool Entero-test, Baermann concentration technique, Harada – Mori filter paper ( “Mini Baermann”), Agar plate culture, IgM,IgG antibody test, ELISA rhabditiform larvae - short and sexy Filariform larvae can develop in intestinal tract and be infective to lab personnel Pathology - Asymptomatic to cutaneous -pruritis, lung- pneumonia, intestinal infections,diarrhea; super-infections -death autoinfection - filariform larvae,
51
Echinostoma ilocanum
Life cycle eggs-miracidia-sporocysts- rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults Route of infection- ingestion of metacercariae infected mollusks (octopus, mussels, snails, slugs) Geo.- Philippines, China, Thailand, Celebes Lab diagnosis- find eggs, wet prep of formalin and ethyl acetate concentrated stool adult-\< 1 cm (10 mm) by 0.2 cm (2 mm), reddish gray Egg: 86-116 mcm (um), morphology oval egg, operculated, yellow-brown Pathology-asymptomatic, inflammation
52
Onchocerca volvulus
Life cycle-larvae-adults-subcutaneous tissue Route of infection - Simulium spp., blackfly or buffalo gnat ( SBB mnemonic) Geo. - Africa, Mexico, Central America, S.A. Lab diagnosis- multiple skin snips- H and E stain, microfilariae, 220-360 mcm Pathology- itchy nodules, may cause blindness
53
Wucheria bancrofti
54
Schistosoma haematobium
Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts (snail host)-cercariae-adults Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin Geo.-Africa, Asia minor, Cyprus- island of Turkey, South Portugal Lab diagnosis-wet prep of urine Egg:112-170 micrometers by 55 micrometers, acid fast negative ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoelectro Transfer blot test (EIBT) testing Adults- similar to other schistosomes, female in bladder vessel walls ( venous plexus) Pathology- dysuria, hematuria, granulomas, fibrosis, ulcerations, bladder cancer
55
Loa loa
Life cycle-larvae-adults-skin-microfilariae Route of infection - Chrysops spp. -mango flies or deer flies (DMC mnemonic) Geo. - Africa Diagnosis - Knott technique (1 mL blood + 10 mL formalin and centrifuge), thick ( Giemsa) and thin films ( Wright-Giemsa) Pathology - calabar swelling, eosinophilia
56
Fasciola hepatica
Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae infected aquatic vegetation ( watercress) Geo.-ww, only a few cases in the U.S. Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool egg-similar to F. buski and E. ilocanum, 130-150 micrometers, adult, ~ 2 cm ( \< 1 inch) and nose cone ELISA test sensitive to both hepatic and intestinal infection Pathology-biliary obstruction, cholangitis, pruritis, jaundice, hepatomegaly, eosinophils
57
Wucheria bancrofti
Life cycle-lymphatics-adults; blood –larvae/microfilariae Route of infection-Culex - night feeder, Aedes - day feeder, Anopheles ( Anopheline) - day or night feeder Geo. Africa – Culex; Pacific - Aedes , Anopheles Lab diagnosis - Knott technique, if Africa; thick: Giemsa, thin: Wright-Giemsa, or hematoxylin stains; microfilariae size 244-296 mcm Pathology – high fever, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, eosinophilia Chronic infection, obstructed lymph node system– elephantiasis;

Parasitology (3 decks)

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