Neonatal Calf Dairrhea

Question 1

How are enterotoxigenic E. coli transmitted?

Answer 1

Fecal-oral - ingested

Question 2

Where do enterotoxigenic e. coli multiply?

Answer 2

Ileum

Question 3

T/F: Enterotoxigenic E. coli destroy GI cells and causes villous damage.

Answer 3

False - toxin causes a hypersecretory diarrhea

Question 4

Pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic E. coli

Answer 4

After replicating in the ileum and ascending up the small intestine, the fimbrae on the pathogens attach tot he epithelial cell receptor. They release an STa toxin that activates guanylate cyclase, leading to hypersecretion of chloride, inhibition of Na-Cl transporter on lumenal surface, and ultimately loss of Na, Cl, and HCO2 into the lumen.

Question 5

Fimbrae on e. coli attach to epihtelial cell receptors in an ___ dependent manner.

Answer 5

age

Question 6

Up to what age can enterotoxigenic E. coli infect the neonate?

Answer 6

Up to 4 days

Question 7

Type of diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic e. coli?

Answer 7

Water, NO blood, and NO tenesmus; increased fecal pH

Question 8

To diagnose enterotoxigenic E. coli, it is best to identify fimrbial antigen using ____ medium.

Answer 8

minca

Question 9

Should you culture enterotoxigenic E. coli?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

Tx of enterotoxigenic E. coli

Answer 10

Fluids

Bicarbonate replacement

Question 11

What two vaccines can be used to control enterotoxigenic E. coli in dams in late gestation

Answer 11

purified K99 antigen

Fimbrial antigen bacterin

Question 12

Is colostrum effective in protecting neonate against enterotoxigenic E. coli?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Rotavirus has 7 serogroups, which ones are MC in cattle? Are these the ones included in vaccines?

Answer 13

VP4 - P serotype
VP7 - G serotype

These are not included in vaccines, so vaccines are not very helpful.

Question 14

Transmission of rotavirus

Answer 14

oral-fecal - calves ingest organism

Question 15

Rotavirus infects the mature _______ of epithelial cells in the SI, causing the infected cells to ____ off, and cause villous ____.

Answer 15

brush border; slough; atrophy

Question 16

The sloughed of columnar cells of the epithelium in the SI are replaced with ____ or ____ cells, which do a horrible job at absorption.

Answer 16

Cuboidal or squamous

Question 17

T/F: Rotavirus leads to decreased lactase activity.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the consequence of decreased lactase activity from a rotavirus infection?

Answer 18

Sugars are not digested and left behind in the intestinal lumen, resulting in an osmotic diarrhea ontop of a malabsorptive diarrhea.

Question 19

Type of diarrhea in rotavirus

Answer 19

Maldigestion/malabsorption
Osmotic/fermentative
Water, no blood and no tenesmus

Question 20

Rotavirus clinical signs begin when the neonate is over ___ days old.

Answer 20

4

Question 21

Dx of rotavirus

Answer 21

Electron microscopy
Fluorescent anitbody
Fecal ELISA
Best - presence of rotavirus + clinical signs are highly suggestive

Question 22

Tx of rotavirus

Answer 22

Fluids
Bicarbonate replacement
Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

Question 23

Coronavirus is similar to the rotavirus, however, colustrum is not as effective in protecting the calf against coronavirus. Why?

Answer 23

There are four major structural proteins on the coronavirus, and the most colostral anitbodies are not directed at the most immunogenic form (nucleocapsid protein-N)

Question 24

How do vaccines help protect against coronavirus?

Answer 24

vaccinating dams decreases shedding at parturition

Question 25

Transmission of coronavirus?

Answer 25

Ingestion AND aerosol

Question 26

Coronavirus infects ___ epithelial cells of the ___ and ___ intestine, and also infects the ___ epithelium as well, resulting in a longer repair time than the rotavirus.

Answer 26

villous; small and large; crypt

Question 27

Besides causing a GIT infection, coronavirus can also invade the upper ____ epithelium, leading to ____ infection.

Answer 27

respiratory; respiratory

Question 28

Type of diarrhea in coronavirus

Answer 28

watery Maldigestion/malabsoprtion Osmotic/fermentative No blood, no tenesmus

Question 29

C/S of coronavirus infection usually being when the neonate is over __ days old.

Answer 29

4

Question 30

Definitive diagnosis of coronavirus

Answer 30

Viral presence and histologic lesions

Question 31

T/F: As a neonate matures, they delay entry into the cells and delay cellular destruction with coronavirus/rotavirus infections.

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Can you use oral vaccines for calves against rotavirus and coronavirus, like you can with enterotoxigenic e. coli?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

T/F: Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoal infection of young calves, that is zoonotic.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Cryptosporidium parvum is more common in ___ cows than ___ cows.

Answer 34

Dairy > beef

Question 35

T/F: Colostral antibodies are protective against Cryptosporidium parvum.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

Transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum

Answer 36

Oocytes ingested

Question 37

Cryptosporidium parvum multiply in the brush border of the ____ and ____ epithelium

Answer 37

ileum and colonic

Question 38

Cryptosporidium parvum pathogens are intra-_____, but extra-______.

Answer 38

intracellular; extracytoplasmic

Question 39

What are the two types of crypto oocysts and what do each of them do?

Answer 39

Thin walled - rupture into intestine and autoinfect | Thick walled - passed in feces

Question 40

Crypto causes villous ___ and villus ____ in the SI, along with ____ of the crypts.

Answer 40

atrophy and fusion; hyperplasia

Question 41

Shedding of crypto is the highest at ____ days of age.

Answer 41

9-14

Question 42

Type of diarrhea in crypto

Answer 42

Loose to watery Malabsorption Altered electrolyte transport

Question 43

Definitive dx of crypto

Answer 43

Oocysts in feces Trophozoites/schizonts in intestine Histopathology

Question 44

Tx of crypto

Answer 44

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

Question 45

Natural infection of crypto leads to ____ immunity.

Answer 45

acquired

Question 46

Crypto oocysts can survive months in what type of enviorments?

Answer 46

Cool, moist conditions

Question 47

Temperatures that destroy crypto?

Answer 47

Freezing or >65 degrees C

Question 48

Salmonellosis infection is ___ dependent.

Answer 48

Dose

Question 49

Salmonellosis causes invasive enteritis in the ___, ___ and ___

Answer 49

ileum, cecum, colon

Question 50

Salmonellosis causes _____ diarrhea, leading to loss of ___, ___ and ____ into the lumen.

Answer 50

malabsorptive; protein, fluid and electrolytes

Question 51

Salmonellosis is different than other neonatal pathogens how?

Answer 51

Causes the neonates to appear sick - bacteremic, fever, lethargy

Question 52

Type of diarrhea in salmonellosis:

Answer 52

Blood, mucosal shreds, and tenesmus

Question 53

Fecal culture for salmonellosis is done in a ___ ___ agar.

Answer 53

Brilliant green

Question 54

T/F: PCR is a good way to dx salmonella.

Answer 54

False - it is ubiquitous in the environment

Question 55

Control of salmonellosis

Answer 55

Salmonella bacterins R-mutant bacterins (endotoxin focused) Feed milk replacer if S. dublin is found

Question 56

T/F: Salmonella is not zoonotic.

Answer 56

False - it is zoonotic!

Question 57

Calves infected with GI pathogens are ____.

Answer 57

reservoirs

Question 58

Two main protozoan to cause coccidiosis in calves:

Answer 58

Eimeria zurneii | Eimeria bovis

Question 59

Clinical signs of coccidiosis range from ___ days up to __ year.

Answer 59

21; 1

Question 60

The type of diarrhea in coccidiosis infectoin is similar to salmonellosis (blood, mucous, tenesmu), so how can you clinically tell them apart?

Answer 60

Coccidiosis calves appear HEALTHY; while salmonella calves are very sick

Question 61

Definitive diagnosis of coccidiosis

Answer 61

Histologic evidence of typhlitis and colitis

Question 62

Tx of cocciosis

Answer 62

Amprolium in water - thiamine analogue (do not overdose - will cause PEM) Sulfonamides Fluids