Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3. Food Animal > Neonatal calf diarrhea > Flashcards

Neonatal calf diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

leading causes of mortality in dairy calves? despite what? what about beef?

A

Undifferentiated calf diarrhea remains the leading cause of mortality in dairy calves, followed by pneumonia
§ Despite increased awareness with regards to importance of:
§ Colostrum / passive transfer
§ Vaccinations ( ETEC; Rota, Corona)
§ Also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in beef calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

can we often get a clear etiologic diagnosis for calf diarrhea? why?

A

It is often impossible to establish a clear etiologic diagnosis, since often several organisms as well as management are involved in this disease complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

THE BIG 6 CAUSES OF DIARRHEA Calves <21 days of age

A
  • Enterotoxigenic E. coli – F5/K99 fimbria (<4 days)
  • Rotavirus (4-21 days)
  • Coronavirus (4-21 days)
  • Cryptosporidium parvum (5-28 days)
  • Salmonella enterica (serotypes Dublin, Typhimurium)
  • Nutritional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ETEC type of diarrhea, zoonotic?

A

type: secretory
not zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

rotavirus type of diarrhea, zoonotic?

A

type: villous atrophy + secretory
* Potential for 2nd transient lactose intolerance
not zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

coronavirus type of diarrhea, zoonotic?

A

type: villous and crypt atrophy + secretory
* Potential for 2nd transient lactose intolerance
not zoonotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cryptosporidium parvum type of diarrhea, zoonotic?

A

type: villous atrophy + secretory
* Potential for 2nd transient lactose intolerance
zoonotic!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

salmonella spp. type of diarrhea, zoonotic?

A

type: mucosal damage
zoonotic!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nutritional diarrhea type

A

bacterial overgrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ETEC diagnostic confirmation method

A

bacterial culture and slide agglutination +/- ETEC PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rotavirus diagnostic confirmation method

A

latex agglutination - rotavirus group A
PCR
ELISA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

coronavirus diagnostic confirmation method

A

Ag-detection ELISA - bovine coronavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cryptosporidium parvum diagnostic confirmatino method

A

sucrose wet mount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

salmonella diagnostic confirmation method

A

bacterial culture (or ELISA, PCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nutritional diarrhea diagnostic confirmation method

A

response to lactase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

purpose of identifying cause of calf diarrhea

A

Identifying cause is not critical for treatment, but helps with managing control/prevention !

17
Q

ETEC prevention:

A

” F5 (K99) vaccine to dry cows
“ F5 (K99) oral vaccine during outbreaks

18
Q

Metabolic changes resulting from diarrhea

A

Net losses of
* Water
* Sodium
* Potassium
* Chloride
* Bicarbonate
Production D/L-lactate

  • Dehydration
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
  • Strong ion and/or D/L-lactate acidosis
  • Negative energy balance, hypoglycemia and hypoproteinemia
  • Inflammatory changes of GIT
19
Q

CLINICAL SIGNS of calf diarrhea

A
  • Watery diarrhea, usually yellow
    > fever, dysentery, abdominal pain, & tenesmus
  • Dehydration, weakness
  • Loss of suckle
  • Depression (metabolic acidosis, sepsis)
  • Secondary signs (e.g. related to hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia…)
  • Look for other body system involvement (lungs, umbilicus, joints, eyes)
  • Death
20
Q

DEHYDRATION from diarrhea, cause:

A

­increased fluid + elyte loss in stool
decreased ̄fluid intake

21
Q

result of calf dehydration

A

̄ reduced plasma volume
̄ reduced extracellular fluid volume
> reduced venous return
> reduced cardiac output and peripheral perfusion
= HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK

22
Q

Estimation of Clinical dehydration:

A

The best predictors of degree of dehydration (model of acute diarrhea) were extent of eyeball recession into orbit, skin pliability on neck and thorax, and plasma protein concentration.

23
Q

Estimation of Clinical dehydration summary table: for <5, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12% dehydration

A

<5%: normal demeanor
6-8%: slightly depressed
8-10%: depressed
10-12%: comatose

> eyeball recession and skin tesnt duration increase up to 6-8mm and 5-10s respectively

24
Q

In calves with cachexia or chronic diarrhea, best way to estimate dehydration

A
  • In calves with cachexia or chronic diarrhea, skin pliability in the neck region would be the most reliable indicator of hydration status
25
Q

best spot to look at skin pliability to assess dehydration? what about eyelid?

A

look at neck, thorax
> eyelid skin pliability is inferior to neck and thoracic skin pliability

26
Q

Practical Estimation of degree of metabolic acidosis present in calves with diarrhea in field:

A
  • The more depression the greater the acidosis
  • Calves > 1 week have much greater acidosis compared to calves < 1week of age with similar clinical signs
27
Q

treatment for calf metabolic acidosis?

A

bicarbonate (or acetate?)

28
Q

Hypoglycemia signs:

A
  • Weakness, lethargy, coma, convulsions, and
    opisthotonus (always an emergency)
29
Q

in what conditions is hypoglycemia common? problem?

A

Especially when milk withheld in cold weather
* … Serious energy deficit!

30
Q

hypoglycemia treatment

A

Fluids iv should be spiked with dextrose solutions (5% is isotonic, 2.5% is half strength)

31
Q

ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY STATUS
when hypoglycemic, tools
pros, cons, and strategies

A

GLUCOSE METERS
eg, Precision Xtra, One Touch Vita
- Stall side, quick, cheap, easy
- May consistently under- or over-estimate the glucose value
…Need to establish reference interval for glucometer (and use the same one each time!)

32
Q

signs of hypoglycemiia and important differentials

A
  • Signs: weakness, lethargy, coma, convulsions, and opisthotonus

Important Differentials to consider:
! Salt poisoning due to wrong dilution of
electrolytes
! Septicemia
> Enlarged joints ?, umbilicus!!!, hypopyon

33
Q

summary of diarrhea key point: clinical signs, how to evaluate dehydration, signs of hypoglycemia

A
  • Clinical signs (diarrhea, dehydration, dull mentation, low body condition)
  • How to evaluate dehydration – sunken eyeball, skin pinch & twist on neck and chest
  • Signs of hypoglycemia: weakness, lethargy, convulsions, opisthothonus

3. Food Animal (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions