Neonatal disease (Yr 3)

Question 1

what are common perinatal physiological problems?

Answer 1

inactivity/lethargy
hypothermia
hypoxaemia
acidosis
hypoglycaemia

Question 2

what is the most important risk factor for causing perinatal maladaptive?

Answer 2

dystocia

Question 3

what are some common neonatal issues seen with dystocia?

Answer 3

bruising, fractures, oedema
hypoxia (compressed umbilicus)
metabolic acidosis (hypoxia)
respiratory acidosis (poor lung function)

Question 4

how long should it take for a calf to be in sternal recumbency?

Answer 4

<5 minutes (>9 increases mortality risk)

Question 5

what are some possible causes of hypoxaemia in the neonate?

Answer 5

atelectasis
weak ventilatory efforts
abnormal lung circulation
maintained cardiovascular shunts
gas diffusion barriers in the alveoli

Question 6

what are some ways to resuscitate a calf?

Answer 6

cold water down the ear
rub with straw
acupuncture point on philtrum

Question 7

how much colostrum should be given to calves?

Answer 7

5% bodyweight (2-3L) in first 2 hours
5% bodyweight (2-3L) at 6-12 hours

Question 8

should colostrum be fed to calves after the first two feeds in the first 12 hours?

Answer 8

yes - feed with colostrum from later millings due to its great nutritional benefits

Question 9

what are the components of normal colostrum?

Answer 9

fat/protein (double that of normal milk)
vitamins/minerals
immunoglobulins (mainly IgG)
immune cells

Question 10

what are the four Qs associated with colostrum?

Answer 10

Quantity, Quality, Quickly, sQuiky clean

Question 11

what features should a donor cow for colostrum have?

Answer 11

test negative for disease
no pre-calving milking/loss
only first milking colostrum given
only colostrum from one dam

Question 12

what could give a false reading on a colostrometer?

Answer 12

temperature can effect density (should be read at about 20°C)

Question 13

what factors can effect colostrum quality/quantity?

Answer 13

when its collected
breed of cow/sheep
pre-partum nutrition
length of dry period
pre-milking
abortion/induction
mastitis

Question 14

what should a brix refractometer read if the colostrum is of sufficient quality?

Answer 14

> 22%

Question 15

how should colostrum be stored?

Answer 15

4°C for <1 week
frozen

Question 16

what is the typical time and temperature for pasteurising colostrum?

Answer 16

60°C for 60 minutes

Question 17

what microorganisms are we aiming to kill with pasteurisation of colostrum?

Answer 17

Mycobacterium
avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Salmonella spp.
Escherichia coli
Mycoplasma spp.
Campylobacter spp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium bovis

Question 18

what are the positives of pasteurisation of colostrum?

Answer 18

decreased bacteria
increased absorption of IgG

Question 19

what should the TP of a calf be when doing blood tests to determine successful passive transfer?

Answer 19

> 5.2g/dL

Question 20

what routes can calves get navel ill?

Answer 20

through the navel or pro-respiratory route

Question 21

what are some sequelae to navel ill?

Answer 21

peritonitis
septicaemia
polyarthritis (joint ill)

Question 22

what are some risk factors for navel ill development?

Answer 22

pathogen load
patent navel
immune status of calf (colostrum intake)

Question 23

what is the prognosis for joint ill?

Answer 23

poor (depends on the joint effected)

Question 24

what is joint ill also known as?

Answer 24

septic arthritis

Question 25

how is joint ill treated?

Answer 25

2 week course of antibiotics (oxytetracycline or penicillin) joint lavage NSAIDs

Question 26

what are some common causes of septicaemia in neonates?

Answer 26

E. coli, actinomycete, staphylococcus, salmonella...

Question 27

what is the main risk factor for septicaemia in calves?

Answer 27

failure of passive transfer

Question 28

what are the clinical signs of septicaemia in neonates?

Answer 28

collapsed shock (endotoxaemia) congested conjunctiva (DIC, petechiae) CNS signs (meningitis)

Question 29

what age is septicaemia usually seen in calves?

Answer 29

1-5 days

Question 30

how is septicaemia treated?

Answer 30

rarely successful antibiotics NSAIDs (flunixin) corticosteroids fluid therapy supportive nursing

Question 31

what are some congenital defects of calves?

Answer 31

cardiac (patent ductus arteriosus...) atresia ani/coli cleft palate contracted tendons cataracts (BVD?) cerebellar hypoplasia (BVD?)

Question 32

what causes diphtheria?

Answer 32

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 33

what are the clinical signs of diphtheria?

Answer 33

oral lesions (sore mouth, ulcers, salivation, foul breath)

Question 34

how is diphtheria treated with?

Answer 34

penicilin, oxytetracycline

Question 35

when does bloat usually occur in calves?

Answer 35

1-2 weeks old

Question 36

what can cause abdominal bloat in young calves?

Answer 36

Clostridium, poorly mixed milk replacer, too much milk, atresia coli

Question 37

if a calf has L sided abdominal swelling what would you suspect?

Answer 37

free gas in abomasum

Question 38

how would atresia coli present?

Answer 38

gradual distension of calves abdomen over first few days of life (no faeces produced)

Question 39

if you pass a stomach tube and the bloat of the calf resolves, what is the origin of the bloat?

Answer 39

free gas in rumen

Question 40

how can abomasal bloat be treated in calves?

Answer 40

sedate and role onto back then place needle trochar/fistula (Red Devil) if chronic

Question 41

how can rumen bloat occur in calves?

Answer 41

rumen drinkers - milk goes into rumen due to failure of the oesophageal tube to close which then ferments

Question 42

what are the five major causes of calf scour?

Answer 42

rotavirus coronavirus cryptospordia E. coli Salmonella

Question 43

what is the pathogenesis of rotavirus and coronavirus in calf scours?

Answer 43

damage the cells lining the intestine tract that are responsible for digestion and absorption of milk

Question 44

how does the damaged caused to the intestinal lining by rotavirus and coronavirus effect the calf?

Answer 44

causes malabsorption of milk along with fluid/electrolyte loss leading to dehydration, acidosis and death

Question 45

what is the pathogenesis of cryptosporidium leading to scour?

Answer 45

damages cells lining the intestine

Question 46

what is E. coli that spreads beyond the GI tract called?

Answer 46

invasive

Question 47

what is the name of the characteristic that causes E. coli scour in calves?

Answer 47

K-99

Question 48

how does K-99 E. coli cause scour?

Answer 48

K-99 is an antigen that allows E. coli to attach to the cells lining the intestine and cause hypersecretion of water and electrolytes

Question 49

how severe is K-99 E. coli scour?

Answer 49

can act very rapidly and lead to death with 24 hours through dehydration and acidosis

Question 50

what are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?

Answer 50

diarrhoea, mucous casts, dysentery, pyrexia, joint effusions, abortion, pneumonia, septicaemia

Question 51

what is the risk of salmonella compared to the other main scour pathogen?

Answer 51

calves can develop systemic disease from the toxins produced by the bacteria

Question 52

what are the clinical signs of clostridial enteritis in calves?

Answer 52

often die before diarrhoea due to effects of toxins on vascular system