Postpartum disease (Yr 4) Flashcards
(37 cards)
what has to happen from calling until establishment of the next pregnancy?
involution of the uterus
restoration of endometrium
resumption of ovarian cycling
insemination
fertilisation
maintain pregnancy
how long does it take the endometrium to regenerate?
3 weeks
when are times in an animals like when they undergo resumption of cyclicity?
puberty
recovering from NEB
post partum
onset of seasonal breeding (not cows!!)
what are the levels of progesterone and oestrogen after calving?
low
does the first dominant follicle after parturition ovulate?
yes if the follicle is big enough and hence producing enough oestradiol which depends on the LH surge which is affected nutrition/health of the cow
why is the first ovulation often a silent oestrus?
the follicle is small due to the amount of progesterone present, this means it isn’t producing as much oestrogen so the signs of oestrus won’t be triggered
what are some reasons for failure of fertilisation or embryonic losses?
fertilisation failure…
AI technique/timing
oocyte health/quality
uterine environment
infectious agents (BVD, BHV, leptospirosis, campylobacter)
metabolic status/nutrition of dam
genetic abnormalities of the embryo
when are foetal membranes defined as retained?
if they haven’t been passed within 24 hours
what are some possible production effects of retained foetal membranes?
lower milk yields
longer for uterus to involute meaning longer before returning to cycling and conception
subsequent uterine infections
what are the consequences of uterine infections?
damage to uterus
suppression of hypothalamic GnRH and pituitary LH secretion
local effects on ovarian function
what are the main pathogens involved in uterine infections?
E. coli (gram negative)
Truperella pyogenes (gram positive)
Dichelobacter nodosus (gram negative)
Fusobacterium necrophorum (gram negative)
bovine herpesvirus 4
what are some risk factors for uterine infections?
twins
RFM
dystocia
reduced dry matter intake when dry
negative energy balance after calving
milk fever/vitamin D
vitamin E/selenium
vitamin A
iodine
what is metritis?
abnormally enlarged uterus and purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina within 21 days after parturition
what are the grades of metritis?
1 - enlarged uterus with purulent uterine discharge but no pyrexia/illness
2 - overt systemic illness (pyrexia, milk drop…)
3 - signs of toxaemia (cold extremities, dull…)
what is pyometra?
accumulation of purulent material within the uterine lumen in the presence of a corpus lutetium and a closed cervix
how can a pyometra be treated?
prostaglandin (PGF) due to the presence of a CL
what is endometritis?
presence of purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina 21 days or more postpartum
how can endometritis be graded?
0 - clear fluid
1 - flecks of white/pus
2 - <50% white or off-white material
3 - >50% purulent material (can be bloody)
what is subclinical endometritis?
precedes of immune cells in the uterus when flushed with saline, however not necessarily any bacteria cultured
what are the risk factors for subclinical endometritis?
negative energy balance (ketosis)
metritis
what are the two types of cystic ovarian disease?
follicular
luteal
how will a cow with a luteal cyst present?
anoestrus (constant progesterone production)
how will a cow with a follicular cyst present?
nymphomania (high levels of oestradiol causing constant oestrus behaviour)
when is cystic ovarian disease most commonly seen?
<60 days in milk (don’t treat if less than 30 days in milk as often correct themselves)
