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Immunology > Neonatal immunity and colostrum > Flashcards

Neonatal immunity and colostrum Flashcards

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1
Q

Development of the immune system happens when

A

Develops in the fetus and or early neonatal life

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2
Q

When do pocket pets be considered immune system developed

A

Pocket pets with short gestation periods
Mice (21 days), rats
Considerable development of immune system after birth

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3
Q

When are larger animals immune system considered developed

A

Larger pets with long gestation periods
Dog (63 days), cow (274 days), horse (340 days)
Immune system nearly fully developed at birth

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4
Q

are the neonates of the common domestic species at special risk of infectious disease

A

Yes because the adaptive immune system is naive

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5
Q

What does naive mean?

A

No memory cells to grove a rapid, major, response
No preformed antibody at birth

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6
Q

What is in a naive immune system

A

The potential is present
Lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
For many antigens, the primary response is similar to that of adults.

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7
Q

Do neonates have innate immunity?

A

Similar to that in adults

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8
Q

What does the neonatal immune system need to be affective

A

They have a well developed adaptive immune system but is inexperienced
Needs exposure to pathogens to develop.
Memory
Production of circulating antibody

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9
Q

Passive immunity of neonatal

A

Neonates are protected in early life by transfer of antibodies from dam to neonate

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10
Q

Passive transfer of in neonates is and happens by

A

Dam provides protective Ig to keep the neonate healthy while its immune system develops
Passive because immunity is not made by neonate
Transferred via colostrum or placenta

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11
Q

Farm animals (all ruminants, pigs, horses) placenta transfer what

A

Maternal blood cells separated by vascular endothelium, connective tissue and uterine epithelium
No placental Ig transfer
Colostrum is essential

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12
Q

Cat and dog placental transfer of Ig

A

Some Ig transfer (10% of adult concentrations)
Colostrum is very important

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13
Q

Placental transfer of Ig from humans

A

Most of newborn’s Ig is from placenta, colostrum has only a small effect on neonatal disease incidence

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14
Q

Colostrum is

A

The first secretion of the mammary glands
Takes weeks to produce

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15
Q

Colostrum is rich in

A

Ig, especially IgG, is transported from serum into colostrum
Very rich in a variety of nutrients, lymphocytes, and immune regulator proteins
High in glucose

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16
Q

Colostrum looks like and is this way because

A

Colostrum is thicker and stickier (and yellower) than milk
Has a higher specific gravity
Basis of a test for colostrum quality
High in glucose

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17
Q

Colostrum vs milk

A

The first 2 milkings (and probably suckings in SA) are rich in Ig – true colostrum
Lactation begins at parturition
As the neonate sucks, colostrum is replaced with milk and residual colostrum is diluted
So, transition milk, produced for the first few days as change from true colostrum to true milk
Milk has much lower concentrations of Ig, most are synthesized in the mammary gland

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18
Q

Failure of passive transfer is

A

Colostral antibody is absorbed by neonate resulting in passive transfer of immunity.
The Ig provides protection in the first weeks of life
Failure of passive transfer refers to lack of significant absorption of cholesterol Ig by the neonate

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19
Q

Consequences of failure passive transfer

A

More infectious disease
More likely to die
Slower growth
Better response to vaccination
Most likely will die from hypothermia or hypoglycaemia

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20
Q

What percent of dairy calves have FPT

A

About 40% of dairy calves fail to obtain adequate colostral antibody.
Suffer more serious disease
More likely to die

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21
Q

What percent of calves will die when FPT

A

7% overall
10% of those that have FPT

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22
Q

How many beef calves will get FPT

A

6%

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23
Q

Overall mortality of beef calves with FPT

24
Q

How many foals get FPT

25
Overall mortality of FPT in foals
5%
26
Importance of colostrum by species
Calves>foals>puppies and kittens Due to environmental pressure
27
Colostrum is most important when
Colostrum is most important if neonate in a contaminated environment Farm animals Some farming practices reduce exposure of calves, lambs, piglets to infection Washing rear end of cows Dagging ewes also called cribbing Lots of clean bedding
28
When is colostrum not as important
Very clean environment solitary pet on clean bedding No other animal contact
29
Factors Important in Preventing FPT/ Ensuring Adequate Transfer
Adequate antibody of colostrum Adequate antibody concentration Young must suck dam vigorously Adequate absorption of Ig Timing of closure
30
Adequate volume of colostrum is important for
Adequate nutrition Heifer produce less volume then cows Dairy cows is thinner
31
Adequate antibody concentration is affected by
Concentration declines rapidly with milking in all species -Only feed first or second milking colostrum Very high producing dairy cows produce dilute colostrum -Do not feed to calf at birth, use colostrum from another cow Some cows (and mares) leak colostrum before parturition -Feed colostrum from an alternative source Heifers lower Ig levels than cows -Calves have more disease -Occasionally calves are fed supplemental colostrum Cattle require colostral IgG concentration > 60 g/L -Sufficient antibody within constraints of calf’s normal intake
32
What can cause failure of calf to suck
Being born to a heifer Assisted calving Poor mothering Being born in a stanchion Premature birth Being born a twin Calves that are not sucking vigorously are usually tube fed colostrum
33
How does adequate absorption of Ig through colostrum work
Antibody is not digested due to reduced digestive enzymes in calf and enzyme inhibitors in colostrum Mucosa of neonate is lined by specialized cells that are strongly pinocytotic and absorb antibody intact
34
When does gut closure start and what is it
Starting at birth these cells are gradually replaced by normal epithelial cells Delaying feeding only affects this in the piglet Leads to loss of Ig absorptive ability Called CLOSURE
35
Timing of closure
In general, good absorption within 6 h of birth, little by 24 h after birth (all common domestic species). May be a slight delay in closure if not fed colostrum. Complete closure by 36 hours.
36
What to do with dams with multiple offspring for colostrum
Check that sufficient working teats At least 1 per offspring Can rotate newborns on teats
37
Best practice to get adequate colostrum in calves, foals, lambs and kids
Feed/suck within 6 hours of birth The earlier the better Closure occurs at 24h Range is 6 to 36h Only the first 2 milkings/suckings are a useful source of high levels of Ig The first is the best
38
How to check colostrum quality and how it works
Can assess quality of colostrum with a colostrometer These measure the SG (IgG) of the colostrum A guid to Ig content Commercially available Follow instructions Must be performed at room temp Results are questionable if a lot of colostrum (>10L at first milking) Used in dairies and vet clinics to check quality of colostrum
39
Frozen colostrum
Inexpensive Collected form other dams on farm Dairy cows often have surplus colostrum Mares can be milked out (250 mL) after foal has sucked once Stable for at least a year in freezer Can feed bovine colostrum to lambs Risk of occasional hemolytic anemia
40
Commercial colostrum replacer products are and benefits
Better if made from colostrum than blood Some products contain very little Ig despite the name on the label A good source: Saskatoon Colostrum Company Products for calves Headstart, Calf’s Choice Total, Colostrum 200 Need at least 80g Ig (read package fro quantity) Also, products for lambs, kids, pets
41
Plasma transfusions are sued instead of colostrum when
Used in foals as a source of Ig
42
How much colostrum does a hand fed dairy calve that sucks get
Most hand fed dairy calves are allowed to suck Aim for 2L(normal voluntary intake) Either way, additional 2L about 8 hours later
43
Reluctant dairy calves are give
Reluctant dairy calves are tube fed 3 to 4L by esophageal feeder (45 kg calf) Either way, additional 2L about 8 hours later
44
Beef calves are given how much colostrum
Beef calves, at least 1L by orogastric tube or bottle. Why less? Colostrum (beef) is more concentrated
45
Foals are given how much colostrum
Aim for 2 to 3L colostrum divided between 3 or 4 feeds at hourly intervals Bottle or nasogastric tube
46
When do you test for adequate colostrum intake
Performed around 24 hours of age Antibody absorption mostly completed
47
Refractometry is and used for
calves, does not work in foals) Measures total protein Albumin plus globulins No transfer TP <50g/L Successful transfer TP>60 g/L Use plasma or serum
48
Immunoassays is
ELISA : Antibody combined with an enzyme that produces a color change e.g. SNAP test Immunoassays typically divide serum into 3 groups
49
Immunoassays complete failure of passive transfer
<400 mg/dl (4 g/L) of IgG Complete failure of passive transfer Give a plasma transfusion if > 16 h
50
Immunoassays partial failure of passive transfer
400-800 mg/dl (4-8 g/L) of IgG Partial failure of passive transfer Action depends on value of foal and perceived risk
51
Immunoassays succesful passive transfer
>800 mg/dl (>8 g/L) of IgG
52
Types of immunoassays test
Precipitation tests Zinc Sulfate Turbidity Sodium Sulfite Turbidity More turbid the better Only done in clinic or lab Glutaraldehyde agglutination Only done in clinic or lab
53
Is it worth intervention of FPT?
Depends on value of offspring and level of risk
54
Foals (and very valuable calves) older than 16h need what if FTP
Plasma transfusion, typically 1-3L Commercial Ig Supplements IV
55
Puppies get what if FTP
Serum- about 25ml/kg
56
The immune system of neonates of common domestic species at birth is?
Immunologically naive at birth i.e. The immune system has not been primed Some (minor) reduction in efficiency of immune system
57
A tube fed dairy calf should get how much colostrum and when?
3 to 4L (better) of colostrum within 4-6 hours of birth

Immunology (21 decks)

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