Vaccines and their use

Question 1

Immunocastration is and used for

Answer 1

(Vaccine for neutering)
Vaccine for pigs against GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
Contains GnRH linked to a carrier to stimulate an immune reaction
Antibodies bind to animals GnRH, block its activity, so no FSH or LH produced to stimulate the testes
Two dose, starting at 12 weeks
Accidental injection of self
No risk for first occasion

Question 2

Core vaccines are used for

Answer 2

For severe, common, diseases
Effective vaccine available
Risk of adverse ration is small
Benefit of vaccination very likely to exceed risks

Question 3

Non core vaccines depend on

Answer 3

Location
Spikes in the disease

Question 4

Systemic vaccine administration is

Answer 4

most common method of administration
IM or SQ

Question 5

Systemic vaccine administration advantages

Answer 5

Reliable administration of vaccine
Systemic (IgG) immunity

Question 6

Systemic vaccine administration disadvantages

Answer 6

Need a needle
No (little) IgA immunity

Question 7

Systemic vaccine administration precautions

Answer 7

Clean bottle cap
New needle and syringe for each animal

Question 8

Mucosal vaccination administration is

Answer 8

IN
Orally (buccal)

Question 9

Mucosal vaccination administration advantags

Answer 9

Local and systemic immunity
IgG and IgA
No needle

Question 10

Mucosal vaccination administration disadvantages

Answer 10

Head restraint
Variable vaccine administration
Usually need a MLV

Question 11

Most vaccine schedules

Answer 11

Primary dose
Secondary
Typically 21-28 days later
Maximal immunity about 2-3 weeks later
Live vaccines or depot vaccines may only require one injection
Reactivation (booster)
1-3 years later

Question 12

How does the body react after a priming dose of vaccination

Answer 12

Initially no antibody
Antigen has to be phagocytosed by dendritic cells and presented to lymphocytes
Lymphocytes multiple
Make memory cells
Some become plasma cells
Produce which antibody
IgM

Question 13

How does maternal antibodies affect vaccination

Answer 13

Passive antibody often prevents successful vaccination of very young animals
Maternal antibody degrades about 50% every 2 weeks
Neonates can be given multiple ‘priming’ vaccinations

Question 14

When would you vaccinate puppies and kittens

Answer 14

Neonates can be given multiple ‘priming’ vaccinations
Puppies and kittens
8,12,16 weeks
Allows you to catch patient when antibody status is low and vaccine will be effective
Or delay until all antibody gone
Puppies and kittens
In most cases cholesterol immunoglobulin has disappeared by 12 weeks of age
Rabies given after 12 weeks

Question 15

When to give foals and calves vaccines if you only want to do one dose

Answer 15

> 6 months

Question 16

Why would a vaccination fail

Answer 16

Incorrect storage or administration
Inability to respond

Question 17

Why would a vaccine fail to make a response within the body

Answer 17

Cholesterol antibody (neutralizes vaccine)
Genetic differences
Immune suppression
Parasites
Malnourished
Viral infections
Vaccinating at the time of neuter doe NOT alter response in kittens

Question 18

High antibody levels are associated with

Answer 18

Strongly antigenic vaccines
Small dogs
First vaccination as a younger adult (3-4 years of age)
Certain breeds

Question 19

What is the chance of having a vaccine reaction

Answer 19

Survey >1 000 000 vaccinated dogs
Adverse reactions: 0.4%
Most on day of vaccination
Risk higher if
Small dog
Multiple vaccines give
Repeated vaccination
Neutered dog

Question 20

Common adverse vaccine reactions

Answer 20

Lethargy/fever
Inflammation at injection site
Inappetence
Pruritus
GI signs- vomiting and diarrhea
Hives or facial swelling

Question 21

Pain at the time of injection

Answer 21

Mild discomfort is to be expected
Problem if severe
Pain at time of injection
May bite vaccinator
Discomfort to pet
Struggling may increase tissue destruction and increase pain and inflammation
Reduce by considerate handling, environment, rewards and distraction

Question 22

Inflammation after a vaccine injection is and occurs when

Answer 22

Inflammation following vaccination (1-7 days)
Warmth, swelling, edema, (fever)
Usually subside
Use NSAIDs on severe cases
May abscess
Possibility of abortion

Question 23

What vaccines give hypersensitive reactions

Answer 23

Anaphylaxis rare but serious
Associated with repeated vaccination
Killed - repeated injection of antigen

Question 24

Type I occurs in vaccinations because

Answer 24

(anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock) occurs within minutes
History of asthma/allergy increase risk in people
Mediator
Histamine from mast cells (IgE)
Signs
Weakness, vomiting/diarrhea, increased RR

Question 25

Type III occurs when with vaccinations

Answer 25

Antigen antibody complexes deposited in tissues 2-3 weeks following infection/vaccination Signs Intense local inflammation Purpura, blue eye, ischemic dermatitis and alopecia

Question 26

Type IV hyper vaccine reaction

Answer 26

Cells? T-cells and macrophages Granuloma at injection site May abscess More common with depot (oil) vaccines Takes 12-72 hours to develop

Question 27

Vaccine induced autoimmune disease

Answer 27

Rare Vaccine grown on cell line of same species plus adjuvant

Question 28

Vaccine induced hypertrophic osteodystrophy is and who is affected

Answer 28

Rare condition Large and giant breed puppies vaccinated with MLV distemper vaccine Weimaraner Starts within 10d Treat with corticosteroids Pre-existing immunodeficiency

Question 29

Injection site sarcomas in cats is and happens because

Answer 29

Can occur following any injection in cats Some vaccinations have a higher association rate Rare: 1/10 000 vaccines Multiple vaccine administration Vaccines with strong adjuvants Middle aged to older cats often at site of injection Challenging to treat- very invasive tumor

Question 30

Adverse consequences of manufacture

Answer 30

Errors in vaccine manufacture Teratogenic Some vaccines are mildly immunosuppressive

Question 31

What errors in vaccine manufacture can happen

Answer 31

Poor attenuation of vaccine Contamination of vaccine Some of the original sheep vaccines were contaminated with Scrapie

Question 32

What vaccines can cause immunosupression

Answer 32

Some parvo vaccines/polyvalent vaccines will cause lymphocyte numbers to decrease temporarily

Question 33

How to prevent an adverse reaction

Answer 33

Always obtain a history Any previous problems? Can you switch types? Previous lumps associated with vaccines (usually rabies vaccine) Document details of vaccine reactions on the patient’s file Pre-treatment with diphenhydramine or an NSAID prior to vaccination in animals with a known history of vaccine reactions Don’t over vaccinate Recommend close monitoring for 20 minutes following vaccination To detect anaphylaxis

Question 34

How to treat anaphylaxis caused by a vaccine

Answer 34

An emergency Typically epinephrine +/- antihistamines, corticosteroids IV fluids

Question 35

How to treat fever and soreness caused by a vaccine

Answer 35

NSAIDs

Question 36

How to treat pruritus, GI signs, facial swelling and hives in vaccine reactions

Answer 36

Diphenhydramine

Question 37

What must the vaccine have in order to be used

Answer 37

Must be licensed by CFIA (Vet Biologics Branch) Appropriate facilities Meet safety and potency standards Efficacy Challenge studies 80:80 80% protection in vaccinates 80% disease in non-vaccinates May only need to show an antibody response Has not always been enforced

Question 38

What is the problem in vaccinating very young animals?

Answer 38

Passive protection from colostrum (maternal derived antibody) can inactivate vaccine

Question 39

How can we avoid problems in vaccinating young

Answer 39

Either vaccinate young animals repeatedly to catch them when they are susceptible or wait until they are old enough so that all antibody from colostrum has disappeared

Question 40

Who is at greatest risk of a vaccine reaction?

Answer 40

Small dogs Animals receiving several vaccines at same time Neutered dogs