Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals Revision > Neonates > Flashcards

Neonates Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

At what gestation is a baby considered pre-term?

A

Before 37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When is a baby considered extremely pre-term?

A

Before 28 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When is a baby considered very pre-term?

A

28-32 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some risk factors for pre-term birth?

A

Multiple pregnancy, GU infections, placenta praevia, placental abruption, PPROM, cervical incompetence, pre-eclampsia, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long should cord clamping be delayed for and why?

A

At least one minute to allow blood flow to equilibriate between placenta and baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How should pre-term babies be kept warm when delivered?

A

Should be placed when still wet into a suitable plastic bag and then later under a radiant heater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What should be the airway positioning of a newborn baby?

A

Neutral head position, jaw thrust and suction if needed for secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If respiratory support is needed in preterm infants how is this done?

A

Usually start with air and if positive pressure ventilation is needed, start at lower pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a complication of lung overinflation in preterm infants?

A

Overinflation leads to volu/baru trauma leading to an inflammatory cascade that predisposes to broncho-pulmonary dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is hypothermia a common problem in the preterm infant?

A

Low BMR
Minimal muscular activity
Negligable subcut fat
High surface area to body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

`What should you remember to do when plotting growth charts for pre-term infants?

A

Gestational correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long should gestation correction continue?

A

If born 32-37 weeks - one year

If born before 32 weeks - 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is gestational correction continued for this long?

A

As this is how long it takes for the infant to catch up with normal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Deficiency of alveolar surfactant and structural immaturity of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is surfactant important?

A

It maintains the surface tension which stops the alveoli from collapsing and therefore making breathing more difficult for the baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does RDS present?

A

Tachypnoea (>60/min), grunting, nasal flare, indrawing, cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When is the onset of RDS?

A

Onset from minutes to 4 hours after birth. Does NOT resolve in 24 hrs like TTN.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What may be seen on a CXR of an infant with RDS?

A

Ground glass appearance

Air bronchogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is RDS prevented?

A

Antenatal steroids

2 x 12 mg betamethasone 12 hours apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is RDS managed?

A

Surfactant and ventilation (intubation/CPAP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is apnoea of prematurity?

A

Breathing centres in baby’s brain not fully developed yet resulting in the baby forgetting to breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does apnoea of prematurity present?

A

Cessation of breathing for >20secs, and/or hypoxia and bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is apnoea of prematurity managed?

A

IV caffeine

Ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A

Long term complication of ventilation of babies due to barotrauma and oxygen toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What signs are seen in bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
CXR shows hyperinflation | Histology shows necrotizing bronchitis and alveolar fibrosis
26
How does bronchopulmonary dysplasia present?
Hypoxia and difficulty weaning off ventilator
27
What long term consequences are there of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?
Decreased IQ, cerebral palsy, feeding issues
28
What is transient tachypnoea of the newborn?
A period of rapid breathing shortly after delivery that resolves within 24-48hrs
29
What causes TTN?
Amniotic fluid remaining in the fetal lungs meaning it is difficult to breathe
30
What babies are more likely to get TTN?
C-Section - not had pressure of SVD to push fluid out of lungs
31
How is TTN managed?
Supportive - oxygen, CPAP, non-oral feeds to prevent aspiration
32
What is early onset sepsis of the newborn?
Bacteria acquired before and during delivery (within 48hrs)
33
What is late onset sepsis?
Bacteria acquired after delivery (after 48hrs)
34
What organisms usually cause neonatal sepsis?
Early - GBS, Ecoli | Late - Listeria, staph A, strep pyogenes
35
How does neonatal sepsis present?
Fever, poor feeding, tachypnoea, cyanosis, stiff limbs, increased work of breathing
36
How is neonatal sepsis treated?
Benzylpenicillin and gentamicin
37
What is meconium aspiration syndrome?
Meconium is passed in utero allowing the baby to swallow it
38
Why may meconium aspiration syndrome occur?
Fetal distress | Post term baby
39
How does meconium aspiration present?
``` Meconium stained amniotic fluid Respiratory distress (hypoxia, increased effort of breathing) ```
40
How is meconium aspiration managed?
Suctioning and supportive care
41
What causes heart failure in newborns?
Infection Chromosome abnormalities Rhesus disease
42
How does heart failure present in newborns?
Cyanosis, respiratory distress, pulmonary oedema, sacral/periorbital/ankle oedema, hepatosplenomegaly
43
What is persistent pulmonary hypertension?
Failure of fetal circulation to adapt to being outwith the womb, leading to failure of pulmonary pressure to fall. Causes shunting of blood and hypoxia
44
What is patent ductus arteriosis?
Failure of ductus arteriosis to close after birth
45
What is the ductus arteriosis?
A communication between the left pulmonary artery and descending aorta that allows blood to bypass the fluid filled fetal lungs
46
How does PDA present?
Failure to thrive, CCF, bounding pulse, continuous machine like murmur
47
How is PDA treated?
Indomethacin | Surgical management
48
How does intraventricular haemorrhage start?
Bleeding in the germinal matrix due to lack of structural integrity
49
What is intraventricular haemorrhage associated with?
Difficult/fast labour Instrumental delivery Breech Prematurity
50
How does intraventricular haemorrhage present?
Can be clinically silent, or with intermittant or catastrophic deteriorations
51
How is IVH prevented?
Antenatal Steroids | 2 x 12 mg betamethasone 12 hours apart
52
What is necrotizing enterocolitis?
Inflammatory widespread necrosis of small and large bowel
53
What is the biggest risk factor for NEC?
Prematurity
54
How does NEC present?
Poor feeding, lethargy, abdominal distention, bloody stool, shock & DIC if perforation
55
What may be seen on AXR in NEC?
``` Asymmetrical dilated loops of bowel Pneumatosis intestinalis (gas on gut wall) ```
56
How is NEC managed?
Stop oral feeding, supportive care and antibiotics. | Surgery to resect dead bowel and prevent perforation
57
What is neonatal hypoglycaemia defined as?
<2.6 mmol
58
Why may neonatal hypoglycaemia occur?
Maternal diabetes Low birth weight/pre term Complex metabolic disorder
59
What is haemorrhagic disease of the newborn?
Vitamin K deficiency related bleeding
60
When does haemorrhagic disease of the newborn occur?
2-7 days post partum with bleeding and bruising
61
How is haemorrhagic disease of the newborn managed?
Vitamin K injection (given by midwife at birth to prevent)
62
When does physiological jaundice occur?
>24 hours after birth
63
What causes physiological jaundice?
Accumulation of bilirubin due to increased RBC breakdown and reduced ability of liver to conjugate bile and gut to excrete it
64
What is pathological jaundice?
Jaundice occuring <24 hours after birth
65
What are some causes of pathological jaundice?
Sepsis Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn Red cell incompatibility Inherited conditions (e.g. G6PD, spherocytosis)
66
What is prolonged jaundice?
Any jaundice lasting longer than 14 days
67
What are some causes of prolonged jaundice?
Hypothyroidism Infection (UTI, TORCH) Biliary atresia CF
68
How is jaundice management decided?
Babies age and bilirubin levels plotted on a graph to help them choose between management options
69
What are the two management options for jaundice?
Phototherapy | Exchange transfusion
70
How does phototherapy work in jaundice?
UV light source breaks down bilirubin to products that don't require conjugation for release
71
Which babies get an exchange transfusion for jaundice?
Those with higher bilirubin levels
72
What is kernicterus?
Bilirubin induced encephalopathy
73
How does kernicterus present?
Jaundice, poor feeding, shrill cry, hypertonicity
74
How is kernicterus managed?
Exchange transfusion and phototherapy
75
What are some long term outcomes of kernicterus?
Deafness, reduced IQ
76
What is gastroschisis?
Extrusion of abdominal viscera
77
What is Hirschsprungs disease?
Lack of colonic ganglion and autonomic innervation meaning it cannot function
78
How does Hirschsprungs disease present?
Constipation, faeces felt on palpation, explosive discharge of stool, wind on PR
79
What is oesophageal atresia (+/- trachea-oesophageal fistula)?
Spectrum of disease - narrowing of oeseophagus and formation of fistula with the trachea
80
How does trache-oesophageal fistula present and what is it associated with?
Frothy secretions, drooling and difficulty passing catheter into the stomach Polyhydramnios
81
What is jejunal atresia?
Congenital anomaly of small bowel where jejunum does not form a continuous tube but instead two blind ended sacks
82
How does jejunal atresia present?
Vomiting and failure to pass meconium
83
What is perinatal mortality?
24 weeks to 1 week post partum
84
What is neonatal mortality?
Birth - 4 weeks post partum
85
What is postnatal mortality?
4 weeks - 1 year
86
What is infant mortality?
Birth - 1 year
87
What is extremely low birth weight?
<1000g
88
What is very low birth weight?
<1500g
89
What is low birth weight?
<2500g
90
What is normal birth weight?
2500-4000g
91
What is large birth weight?
>4000g
92
What is erythema toxicum?
Harmless rash occurring in babies aged 2-5 days. Erythematous maculopapular discrete lesions with white centre, becomes widespread and confluent
93
What is mongolian blue spot?
Bluish/black macule on lumbar/sacral area - important NAI differential
94
What is a salmon patch/stork mark?
Erythematous vascular marks on eyelids, face and nape of neck
95
What is a strawberry naevi?
Haemagioma - rapid proliferation between 4 and 9 months then involutes
96
What is a port wine stain?
Naevus flammus - capillary vascular malformation. Can be treated with lasers

Finals Revision (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions