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Paediatrics > neonatology > Flashcards

neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

what is necrotising enterocolitis

A

bacterial invasion of bowel wall leading to necrosis
affects preterm infants in the first few weeks of life

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2
Q

when does necrotising enterocolitis typically occur

A

after the initiation of feeds

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3
Q

risk factors for necrotising enterocolitis

A

formula fed
premature

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4
Q

clinical presentation of necrotising enterocolitis

A

intolerance to feeds
bile stained vomit
distended abdomen
blood in stool

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5
Q

xray features for necrotising enterocolitis

A

distended loops of bowel
thickening of bowel wall
pneumatosis intestinalis - gas in bowel
gas in portal veins

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6
Q

what x ray sign shows perforation in necrotising enterocolitis

A

Pneumoperitoneum

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7
Q

management of necrotising enterocolitis

A

nbm
tpn
abx
surgery

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8
Q

complications of necrotising enterocolitis

A

perforation
peritonitis

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9
Q

what is bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

A

form of chronic lung disease affecting newborns

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10
Q

cause of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

A

usually caused by mechanical ventilation and long term use of o2

usually occurs when newborn’s lungs are underdeveloped at birth and they require a ventilator or oxygen therapy for support

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11
Q

clinical presentation of BPD

A

increased work of breathing
low o2 sats
poor feeding and weight gain
crackles and wheeze on chest auscultation

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12
Q

risk factors for BPD

A

premature
needing o2 therapy

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13
Q

what can be used to prevent risk of BPD

A

corticosteroids
CPAP

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14
Q

management for BPD

A

sleep study to assess o2 sats
protection against RSV using palivizumab
possible low dose of o2 at home

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15
Q

what is meconium aspiration

A

meconium passed before birth causing babies to inhale and cause aspiration

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16
Q

risk factor of meconium aspiration

A

greater gestational age

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17
Q

management for meconium aspiration

A

cpap
ventilation

18
Q

causes of small bowel obstruction

A

atresia or stenosis of small intestine
malrotation with volvulus
meconium ileus
meconium plug

19
Q

causes of large bowel ibstruction

A

hirschprung disease
rectal atresia

20
Q

what is gastroschisis

A

defect in the abdominal wall causing the intestines to develop outside

21
Q

management for gastroschisis

A

wrapping exposed intestines with cling film to reduce fluid and body heat loss (prone to dehydration and body loss)
surgery

22
Q

difference between exomphalos and gastroschisis

A

exomphalos - covered by a thin membrane and it is located more centrally
gastroschisis - not covered by a thin membrane and is located to the right of the umbilical cord

23
Q

what is oesophageal atresia

A

short section at the top of the oesophagus hasnt formed properly so its not connected to the stomach

24
Q

what is tracheo-osephageal fistula

A

tends to occur alongside oesophageal atresia
this is when pary of the oesophagus is joined to the trachea

25
Q

what is TORCH infection

A

infection of the developing foetus or newborn that can occur in utero, during delivery or after birth

26
Q

infectious agents of TORCH infection

A

toxoplasma gondii
other agents e.g. VZV, parvovirus b19, HIV
rubella
CMV
HSV

27
Q

clinical presentation of TORCH

A

vary depending on underlying infection

fever
microcephaly
low birth weight
lethargy / sleepiness
hearing loss
hepatosplenomegaly
cataracts
congenital heart disease

28
Q

TORCH infection skin presentation

A

petechiae or purpura
jaundice
blueberry muffin rash

29
Q

transmission of torch infection

A

transmission through placenta
while passing through birth canal
through breast milk

30
Q

complications of TORCH

A

preterm birth
delayed development
physical malformations
loss of pregnancy

31
Q

cause of toxoplasmosis

A

consumption of raw or undercooked meat
contact with faeces of recently infected cats

32
Q

management of toxoplasmosis

A

pyrimethamine (antiparasitic) and sulfadiazine (abx)

33
Q

clinical presentation of toxoplasmosis

A

retinopathy
cerebral calcification
hydrocephalus

34
Q

when do infants need to be given protection from chickenpox and what is given

A

If a mother develops chickenpox shortly
before or after delivery

prophylaxis acyclovir

35
Q

management for CMV

A

ganciclovir

36
Q

transmission of listeria from mother to foetus

A

via placenta

37
Q

causes of listeria

A

eating unpasteurised milk
soft cheese
undercooked poultry

38
Q

clinical presentation of listeria

A

n and v
meconium staining of the meconium stained liquor, widespread rash , pneumonia, meningitis, septicaemia

39
Q

effects of gestational diabetes on infant

A

macrosomia
risk of hypoglycaemia
risk of asphyxia

40
Q

problems associated with cleft lip and palate

A

difficulty feeding
glue ear and otitis media more common
dental problems
speech problems

41
Q

management for cleft lip palate

A

surgery
feeding support
monitor hearing
slt
dental hygiene

Paediatrics (16 decks)

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